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World History. Chapter 9 The Americas. Section one The early Civilization of the Americas. Geography and its impact. Early civilization developed in North America, South America and Central America Latin America= Central America, Mexico, South America and some Caribbean Islands
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World History Chapter 9 The Americas
Geography and its impact • Early civilization developed in North America, South America and Central America • Latin America= Central America, Mexico, South America and some Caribbean Islands • Spoke Latin based languages • Spanish, Portuguese and French • Caused by being annexed (colonized)
Land and Climate of Latin America Plains • Cover most of Mexico, and South America • Highland plateaus –farming and grazing Mountains • North American into Mexico • Sierra Madres • South America • Andes Mountains • (the whole of the western coast)
Land continued….. Rain Forest • Important geographical feature • Largest Rain Forest in the world • Amazon River Basin rain forest • In South and Central America
Climate • Mountains • Colder than in the lowlands • Snow on mountains • Coast and Interior • Tropical, wet to hot and dry climates
The first Americans crossed the Land bridge • 13,000 years ago • Siberia (northern /Russia) connected to Alaska • Nomadic Asian people crossed this land bridge into the Americas to scatter through out the Americas
An important agricultural element Became the basics of their diet Dried after harvest and stored to serve as winter food. Ground into flour for bread and cooked in a variety of ways Between 3,400 B.C. learned to grow Maize
Earliest known civilization in the Americas Gulf of Mexico 1200 BC Fishing and farming Rubber trees Rubber balls used on Stone courts Art Gigantic carved stone head Calendar Southeastern Mexico 500 B.C. Writing system Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon Farmers, craft workers artisans, builders, merchants, warriors traded with others Priests and the rulers governed the city Olmecs Zapotecs
Olmec Influence on the Mayans • Maize • Ceremonial centers with temple pyramids • Mayan’s Calendar based on the Olmec • Ball games • Rituals involving human sacrifice
Maya • Location • Guatemala, Belize and Yucatan Peninsula • Sports • basketball • King ruled-priests and nobles helped • Social classes • Artisans, merchants, Peasants, Farmers, laborers • Independent city-states roads connected • Wealthy owned slaves
Gods controlled the weather Daily rituals to please the gods Built huge pyramid temples in honor of the gods Human sacrifice Gods and Priests
Achievements Arts and Sciences • 3651/4 day calendar • Studied astronomy and predicted solar eclipses • Math • first to use the concept of Zero • Writing system
Dominated Central Mexico 950-1200 A.D. Mining and trading empire Pyramid building Gods Toltecs • Murals • Depicting gruesome battle scenes • Chief Bird Warriors • Piercing his own cheek for losing battle
Aztecs • Central Mexico1200 A.D. • Unified empire under a Ruler chosen by the noble and priest • Calendar • Warriors • Miners-gold, precious stones • Farmer- maize, squash, beans, tobacco,
Continued….. • Human sacrifices to the Gods • Most were prisoners • To be Sacrificed was a honor for the victim and the family • Schools • Boys- astronomy and religion • Both- trained on the what was required to be a adult.
According to Aztec legend, the gods told the nomadic people who had entered the Valley of Mexico to search for an eagle perched on the top of a cactus. The eagle would be holding a snake in its beak. The Aztec Empire is part of Mexico today.
was a former white skinned and bearded priest. came from the east and promised to return. The god of civilization and learning. Quetzelcoatl
Section 2 Peru and the Incan Empire
Along the Pacific coast of South America Land is forested Small % suitable for farming Peru
Northern Peru 900-200 B.C. Built stone temple made of Adobe Bricks made of sun dried clay To honor the animal gods Jaguar, serpent, alligator 200-100 B.C. Built no cities/urban center Aggressive people Engineers built roads and irrigation canals Collapsed 900 A.D. Possible reasons Drought, severe flooding Chavin Moche
Do you believe in Aliens? What do you think?
Nazca lines (Peru) • The are a series of drawings located in the Nazca Desert, a high arid plateau that stretches more than 50 miles. Believed to have been created between 200BC and 700 AD. There are hundreds of individual figures, ranging in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks or orcas, llamas, and lizards.
Western coast of South America in the Andes Mountains 1500A.D. The Incas
Little is known about the early years. • Aggressive people • Skilled architects • Built roads, stone walls, palaces • Postal service, (runners) (no writing system)
Incan Societyhighly developed religion and well defined social classes Polytheistic • many gods: Moon, Stars, thunder, Sun God most important • Spirits live in every aspect of nature • Woman were trained to serve the Sun God
Incan Social Classes Social Classes • Pure Inca- ruling family and nobles Adopted Inca • Nobles from (conquered) neighboring lands Provincial nobles • Allowed to rule large estates Ordinary people • Lowest class, highest %
Inca Families • Families formed into groups (by 10) • 1 man served as administrator • No taxes –supplied labor for social services • Services • given food, benefits for orphans and windows, feast for holidays • Government • Strict rulers • permission to travel through the empire • Clothing • Wear clothing connected to the people and from where they lived
Inca farming • Families belonged to a group • Owned the land jointly • The leader of the group followed government orders and assigned jobs to the family group
