Microprocessor

1. Microprocessor Al-Azhar University Lecture 1 Dr. Mohamed Ezz Dr. Ali Halawa

2. Class Materials • Text book • Ramesh S. Gaonkar, The Z80 Microprocessor architecture , Interfacing, Programming, and Design,. • Term paper/Project • Select your topic or your project (HW) as early as possible • Group of max. 5 students 2

3. Schedule and Arrangement • 2 Lectures Weekly • 1 Class Weekly .

4. Participation • You are expected to attend all of the lectures • Exams will be based on the class materials • More than four absent will not attend final exam • Group Activities • Very Important

5. Assignments and Quizzes • Must be submitted on time • Late assignments will be accepted within one week with -25% penalties • Student will solve sheets questions in the Classes. Please come ready • Bonus points for first 5 student solve quiz in the class • All sheets questions must be solved by student • Exam in the class every 8 lectures

6. Lets Get Started

7. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) begins in 1938

8. Mainframe Computer, 1960 Mini-Computer, 1970 Mobile Computer 1990 The PC, 1980 The Computer Evolution

10. History

11. The History of Intel’s Microprocessors

12. Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago

13. Moore’s Law 1965 prediction by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore: The number of transistors that can be built on the same size piece of silicon will double every 18 months

15. Bell’s Law:New computing class every 10 years log (people per computer) Streaming Data to/from the Physical World year Excerpted from ‘The Mote Revolution: Low Power Wireless Sensor Network’, UCB, 2004.

16. Why do we study this stuff? Applications Operating Systems Computer System (CPU rules)

17. Where is the Microprocessor ? • It is inside of every device that we have such as computer , printers , mobile , etc..

18. What is the Microprocessor? • It’s a semiconductor IC • Multipurpose , programmable logic device. • Reads Instructions from the Memory • Reading data from and writing data to memory and I/O • Performing arithmetic and logic ops • Process the data according to the instructions • Produces Output • Perform step-by-step procedure

19. The Microprocessor (MPU) • The uP is the ‘brain of the microcomputer’ • Is a single chip which is capable of • processing data • controlling all of the components which make up the microcomputer system • µP used to sequence executions of instructions that is in memory • uP Fetch , Decode , and Execute the instruction • The internal architecture of the microprocessor is complex.

20. Lecture 2

21. Block Diagram of a Computer

22. The Microprocessor (MPU) • microprocessor (MPU) typically contains • Registers: Temporary storage locations for program instruction or data. • The Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU): This part of the MPU performs both arithmetic and logical operations • Timing and Control Circuits: that keep all of the other parts of system (Regs, ALU, memory & I/O) working together in the right time sequence

23. Microprocessors They accept programs

24. ALU • Computation is performed by logic circuits that make up the Arithmetic Logic Circuit (ALU) – Add, Subtract, AND, OR, Compare, Increment, and Decrement. • ALU cannot itself move data from place to place. • Like a blindfolded juggler – ALU must wait for data to be placed in certain places.

25. Control Logic • In order to process data, the microprocessor must have control logic which tells the microprocessor how to decode and execute the program – a set of instructions. • It fetches them one at a time and decodes the instruction. Then the control logic carries out or execute the decoded instruction. • It also controls how the microprocessor works with memory, input and output.

26. Bus • A Bus is a common communications pathway used to carry information between the various elements of a computer system • The term BUS refers to a group of wires or conduction tracks on a printed circuit board (PCB) though which binary information is transferred from one part of the microcomputer to another • The individual subsystems of the digital computer are connected through an interconnecting BUS system.

27. Bus • There are three main bus groups • ADDRESS BUS • DATA BUS • CONTROL BUS

28. Length of Data Word • Each microprocessor works on a data word of fixed length. • Word lengths of 4 bits, 8 bits, 16 bits, and 32 bits are most common. • 8-bit word length are common that it has been given the name byte. • Some 16-bit microprocessor have instruction s processed in two 8-bit bytes.

29. The System Components • Hardware Physical Devices • Program  a group of instructions preformed by the microprocessor • Software  a group of programs Microprocessor Memory I/O

30. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller • A microcontroller contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. • Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output. • Microprocessor only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, • The microprocessor includes some of the components on a chip and other components are used as peripherals. • The microcontroller includes all of the required components on one chip. • You can say that microcontroller = microprocessor + Motherboard (memory & I/O) in one chip

31. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller Microcontroller One- chip Microprocessor Memory I/O

32. What numbering System a Microprocessor Uses? • Binary System • A Bit is 0 or 1 • The processor processes a group of bits called Word. • The word size could be: 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bits Therefore, the processor is named after the word size. e.g. We say “ 8-bit Microprocessor”

33. The Memory

34. Given M words (location to access), how many bits l are required to address them? Example: to address 64 MB, we need Word Addressing

35. Memory Word • 8-bit microprocessors have an address range of 65,536 memory words in the 65,536 bytes memory • For the same memory size, 16-bit have 32,768 word memory. Question: A 16-bit word length is used by the 80286 microprocessor. If an 80286 addresses 32 kilo-words of memory, it memory will have _____ bits of data

36. 0 8 bits of data 1 8 bits of data 2 8 bits of data 3 8 bits of data 4 8 bits of data 5 8 bits of data 6 8 bits of data ... Memory Organization Viewed as a large, single-dimension array, with an address A memory address is an index into the array "Byte addressing" means that successive addresses are one byte apart

37. Types of Memory • Cache Memory • Serves as a buffer for frequently accessed data • Small  High Cost • RAM (Main Memory) • Stores programs and data that the computer needs when executing a program • Dynamic RAM (DRAM) • Uses Tiny Capacitors • Needs to be recharged every few milliseconds to keep the stored data • Static RAM (SRAM) • Holds its data as long as the power is on • D Flip Flop

38. Types of Memory (Cont.) • ROM • Stores critical information necessary to operate the system. • Hardwired  can not be programmed • Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) • Can be programmed once using appropriate equipment • Erasable PROM (EPROM) • Can be programmed with special tool • It has to be totally erased to be reprogrammed • Electrical Erasable PROM (EEPROM) • No special tools required • Can erase a portion

39. Memory Hierarchy • The idea • Hide the slower memory behind the fast memory • Cost and performance play major roles in selecting the memory.

42. Computer Languages

43. Computer Languages

44. Sample of Z80 Language Assembly Language (mnemonic form) Machine Language