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Photosynthesis, Respiration, Crown Development, and Wood Formation: Understanding the Allocation of Resources in Trees

This article explores the processes of photosynthesis and respiration in trees, their impact on crown development and wood formation, and the allocation of resources within the tree. It also discusses the importance of factors such as foliage, growth priorities, and stem quality in tree health and productivity.

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Photosynthesis, Respiration, Crown Development, and Wood Formation: Understanding the Allocation of Resources in Trees

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  1. FRST 305 Photosynthesis, Respiration, Crown development and Wood formation

  2. Photosynthesis • Chlorophyl in the foliage • Chloroplasts • Sun foliage/shade foliage

  3. SUNLIGHT Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

  4. “Stuff” Energy Photosynthate C6H12O6

  5. ENERGY Respiration C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O + O2 (Not balanced)

  6. Priorities for Photosynthate • Respiration • Foliage – Fine Roots • {Reproduction} • Primary Growth • Secondary Growth – Secondary Compounds

  7. Photosynthesis > Respiration ? • GROW • Photosynthesis < Respiration ? • DIE • Photosynthesis = Respiration ? • NOT A LONG TERM CHOICE

  8. Volume • Wood formation (total volume) is: [ (Photosynthesis-Respiration)] - Allocation

  9. Where Does It Go? Respiration Increment Dominant Tree 26% 42% Co-dominant Tree 29% 41% Suppressed Tree 50% 8% [ash stand in Denmark]

  10. Crown Form • Excurrent • Decurrent

  11. Mechanisms • Branch angle • Geotropism • Weight (gravity)

  12. Apical Growth • Apical meristem = bud • Primary growth • Preformed • Indeterminant

  13. Epinasty • Epinastic control • angle and length of side branches • genetics and environment

  14. Shade • Side shade • Trees do not lose form • Shade from above • high shade – low shade • becomes more diffuse • trees can lose epinastic control

  15. Cross section

  16. Secondary Growth • Wood • Phloem • Stem and branches • Cambium

  17. Cambium • Cambial meristem • Xylem • To the inside • Phloem • To the outside

  18. Xylem and Phloem • Xylem • Wood • Water transport • Phloem • Chemical transport

  19. Xylem • Tracheids • gymnosperms • Vessels • angiosperms

  20. Early wood – Late wood • Early wood • Laid down first • Lighter • Less dense • Late wood • Laid down later • darker in color • denser

  21. Ring Widths • Crossectional area • Matter of geometry • Distance from crown • Mechanical stimulation

  22. Stem Form Ring Area

  23. Stem Form Ring Width

  24. Priorities for Photosynthate • Respiration • Foliage – Fine Roots • {Reproduction} • Primary Growth • Secondary Growth – Secondary Compounds

  25. Which are better? • Cylindrical trees • Tapered trees

  26. Taper

  27. Reaction wood • Hardwoods • Tension wood • Conifers • Compression wood

  28. Compression Wood

  29. Compressionwood

  30. Knots • Live knots • Dead knots

  31. Live Knots – Dead Knots

  32. Stem Quality • Straightness • Ring characteristics • Density • Knots

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