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DNA for Dummies (and the intellectually astute)

Explore the fascinating world of DNA with this comprehensive guide. Learn about the structure of DNA, the process of replication during the S phase of cell division, and the roles of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. This resource covers essential concepts, including complementary base pairing, the role of enzymes like DNA polymerase, and the importance of mutations. With clear explanations, illustrations, and examples, this guide is perfect for beginners and those seeking a deeper understanding of molecular biology.

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DNA for Dummies (and the intellectually astute)

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  1. DNA for Dummies(and the intellectually astute) A Dr. Parrott Production

  2. Secret of Photo 51: • What organic polymer? • Made of what monomers? • Components? Tour of the Basics

  3. DNA Wrap Basic DNA Wrap Advanced DNA Coiling

  4. Replication: DNADNA • Occurs during S phase of interphase in reproducing cells only • DNA template is copied complimentarily and semi conservatively • Occurs only in the nucleus

  5. Meselson-Stahl ExperimentHow DNA ReplicatesDNA Replication Bidirectional ReplicationReplication CompleteGeneral DNA Workshop

  6. Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following: DNA1: ATGGTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT DNA2: TAC mRNA: Amino Acids: tRNA: replication

  7. DNA Replication Basic DNA Replication ForkRep Fork 2 DNA Replication DNA Polymerase

  8. Transcription: DNAmRNA • Occurs continually throughout the cell cycle with the exception of mitosis • Occurs in the nucleus as messenger RNA copies DNA

  9. RNA Splicing TranscriptionTranscription Complete Transcription the MovieRegulated Transcription

  10. Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following: DNA1: ATGGTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT DNA2: TAC Transcribe the above DNA template into an mRNA: mRNA: UAC Amino Acids: tRNA: transcription

  11. Translation: mRNAprotein • Occurs continually throughout the cell cycle • Occurs at the ribosome as it • reads the mRNA codons • Matches codons to amino acids • Prompts tRNA to bring a.a. • Attaches a.a. with peptide bonds DNA to Protein2 PP Synthesis Walkthrough

  12. Translation • tRNA anticodon is complimentary to mRNA codon • tRNA is specific to the amino acid it brings • Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form polypeptide (protein) Translation Basic Translation AdvancedProtein Synthesis Protein Synthesis 2Translation the Movie

  13. Protein Synthesis = Transcription + Translation = DNA  proteins

  14. Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following: DNA: ATGGTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT DNA: TAC mRNA (codons): UAC Translate the above mRNA strand into an amino acid sequence (protein) Amino Acids: Tyrosine tRNA (anticodons): translation

  15. Watch RNAi Online: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/02.html

  16. Make a DNA strand complimentary to the following: DNA: ATGGTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG AAG TCT DNA: TAC mRNA (codons): UAC Amino Acids: Tyrosine What are the anticodons on the tRNA for the above strands? tRNA (anticodons): AUG

  17. To summarize… Protein Synthesis

  18. Mistakes/Mutations • Mutation any permanent alteration in the sequence of DNA bases • Mutagen causes a mutation i.e. chemicals, radiation, spontaneous • Point mutations can result in frameshifts in the reading frame • Chromosomal mutations can result in translocations • Immortal Thread

  19. Mistakes/Mutations • Silent mutation change in n.t. sequence, but no change in product • Missense mutation swapping of a.a. (sickle cell anemia, PKU) • Nonsense mutation insertion of stop codon into sequence • Mutations & Sickle Cell, 2 • How Cancer Grows, 2 • Evolutionary Arms Race: HIV Resistance, 2 Silent Mutation G

  20. Resources • DNA Learning Center: 3D Animations • Genetics Movies: • DNA Tutorial: • Bacterial Replication Animations: • Telomere Synthesis (shortening of linear chromosomes): • Gene Processing • Replication Animations: • Gene Expression Animations: • Gene Technology: • DNA the Secret of Life Video • Cracking the Code of Life Video • Beadle-Tatum Experiments (one gene, one pp) • Protein Synthesis Tutorial

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