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Understanding Networking Hardware: Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, and VLANs

Explore the essential components of networking hardware including hubs, bridges, switches, and routers. Learn about their functionalities like filtering, packet transmission, and collision domain management. Understand how bridges interpret data and apply filtering databases to organize MAC addresses. Delve into the intricacies of switches, including cut-through and store-and-forward modes, and how they create VLANs for effective network segmentation. Finally, discover the role of routers in multiport connectivity, the techniques of static and dynamic routing, and the purpose of various routing protocols within modern networking.

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Understanding Networking Hardware: Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, and VLANs

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter Six Networking Hardware

  2. Agenda • Questions about Ch. 11 • Midterm Exam • Ch.6 • Cable kit

  3. Hubs • Multiport repeater containing multiple ports to interconnect multiple devices

  4. Bridges • Like a repeater, a bridge has a single input and single output port • Unlike a repeater, it can interpret the data it retransmits

  5. Bridges • Filtering database • Collection of data created and used by a bridge that correlates the MAC addresses of connected workstations with their locations • Also known as a forwarding table

  6. Bridges • Spanning tree algorithm • Routine that can detect circular traffic patterns and modify the way multiple bridges work together, in order to avoid such patterns • Transparent bridging • Method used on many Ethernet networks

  7. Switches • Subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces • Create multiple, smaller collision domains • In a half duplex switched network there are only two devices in each collision domain. • In a full-duplex switched environment there is only 1 device in each collision domain (0 % chance of collision)

  8. Cut-Through Mode andStore and Forward Mode • Cut-through mode • Switching mode in which switch reads a frame’s header and decides where to forward the data before it receives the entire packet • Cut-through switches can detect runts, or packet fragments • Store and forward mode • Switching mode in which switch reads the entire data frame into its memory and checks it for accuracy before transmitting the information

  9. Using Switches to Create VLANs • Virtual local area networks (VLANs) • Network within a network that is logically defined by grouping its devices’ switch ports in the same broadcast domain • Broadcast domain • Combination of ports that make up a Layer 2 segment and must be connected by a Layer 3 device

  10. Using Switches to Create VLANs

  11. Higher-Layer Switches • Switch capable of interpreting Layer 3 data is called a Layer 3 switch • Switch capable of interpreting Layer 4 data is called a Layer 4 switch • These higher-layer switches may also be called routing switches or application switches

  12. Routers • Multiport connectivity device • Can integrate LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols • Routers operate at the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI Model

  13. Agenda • Packet Tracer Exercise and Project Questions • Routers and Routing protocols • Routing LAB • Remember to Bring the cable kit next week

  14. Router Features and Functions • Modular router • Router with multiple slots that can hold different interface cards or other devices

  15. Router Features and Functions • Filter out broadcast transmission to alleviate network congestion • Prevent certain types of traffic from getting to a network • Support simultaneous local and remote activity

  16. Router Features and Functions • Static routing • Technique in which a network administrator programs a router to use a specified paths between nodes • Dynamic routing • Automatically calculates best path between nodes and accumulates this information in a routing table • Hop • Term used in networking to describe each trip data take from one connectivity device to another

  17. Router Features and Functions

  18. Routing Protocols • To determine the best path, routers communicate with each other through routing protocols • In addition to its ability to find the best path, a routing protocol can be characterized according to its convergence time and bandwidth overhead • Convergence time • The time it takes for a router to recognize a best path in the event of a change or outage • Bandwidth overhead • Burden placed on an underlying network to support the routing protocol

  19. Routing Protocols • The four most common routing protocols: • RIP (Routing Information Protocol) for IP and IPX • OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) for IP • EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) for IP, IPX, and AppleTalk • BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) for IP

  20. Gateways • Combination of networking hardware and software that connects two dissimilar kinds of networks • Popular types of gateways include: • E-mail gateways • IBM host gateways • Internet gateways • LAN gateways

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