PEARL HARBOR Oahu, Hawaii

1. PEARL HARBOROahu, Hawaii DEC. 7TH 1941 “A date which will live in infamy,” President Franklin D. Roosevelt

2. Outcome: • SWBAT • describe the events of Pearl Harbor and how it led to the U.S. entering the war on the Allied Power side.

3. Today: • Finish Holocaust….. • Power point/video (20 min) • DI Drill(thinking map, letter/diary entry, analysis of Holocaust…) (15 min) • Transition (make connection to pearl harbor) • Pearl Harbor: • Gallery walk (15 min) • Teacher led discussion/powerpoint • Videos (30 min) • DI activity (thinking map, letter/diary entry, analysis of attack….) (15 min) • Exit ticket (5 min)

4. General Facts: • The attack on Pearl Harbor occurred on December 7, 1941. • The Japanese attacked the United States without warning. • The attack lasted 110 minutes, from 7:55 a.m. until 9:45 a.m. • A total of 2,335 U.S. servicemen were killed and 1,143 were wounded. Sixty-eight civilians were also killed and 35 were wounded. • The Japanese lost 65 men, with an additional soldier being captured. • Pearl Harbor is on the south side of the Hawaiian island of Oahu and is the home to a U.S. naval base. • The attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II

5. Why? • The Western Countries led by the US had imposed meager sanctions on Japan because of its invasion of China. This hampered the Japanese military operations. Japan entered into diplomatic negotiations with US to break the impasse. They used this time to launch an attack on Pearl Harbor. • Early warning radar was new technology.  Japanese planes were spotted by radar before the attack, but they were assumed to be a flight of American B-17s due in from the West Coast • The Japanese wanted to take out the US Pacific Fleet . • The Japanese Navy was stronger in the Pacific in 1941 than the combination of all other nations. The Japanese army and air force had four years of combat experience and weapons development in warfare in China. • The Japanese Navy had ten battleships and ten aircraft carriers. We had in the Pacific eight battleships and three aircraft carriers, you get the idea. After Pearl Harbor, we had zero battleships in service in the Pacific. • The goal of Pearl Harbor was not to war with the US, but to discourage the US from going to war with Japan.

6. Japan and the Attack on Pearl Harbor • Plans for a surprise attack against the United States were begun as early as January of 1941. • Although it was Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto who initiated the plans for the attack against Pearl Harbor, Commander Minoru Genda was the plan's chief architect. • The Japanese used the codename "Operation Hawaii" for the attack on Pearl Harbor. This later changed to "Operation Z." • The Japanese specifically chose to attack on a Sunday because they believed Americans would be more relaxed and thus less alert on a weekend.

7. The Japanese attack force stationed itself approximately 230 miles north of the Hawaiian island of Oahu. • The Japanese launched their airplanes in two waves, approximately 45 minutes apart. • The first wave of Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbor at 7:55 a.m. The second wave reached Pearl Harbor around 8:40 a.m. • When Japanese Commander Mitsuo Fuchida called out, "Tora! Tora! Tora!" ("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!") upon flying over Pearl Harbor, it was a message to the entire Japanese navy telling them they had caught the Americans totally by surprise

8. Facts About the Battleships • The main target of the Japanese was to be the aircraft carriers; however, since all three U.S. aircraft carriers were out to sea, the Japanese focused on the battleships. • There were eight battleships at Pearl Harbor that day, which included all the battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet except for one (the Colorado). • Seven of the U.S. battleships were lined up in "Battleship Row." • During the attack, the Nevada left its berth in Battleship Row and tried to make it to the harbor entrance. After being repeatedly attacked on its way, the Nevada beached itself.

9. The Arizona exploded when a bomb breached its forward magazine (i.e. the ammunition room). Approximately 1,100 U.S. servicemen died on board. • After being torpedoed, the Oklahoma listed so badly that it turned upside down. • To aid their airplanes, the Japanese sent in five midget subs to help target the battleships. The Americans sunk four of the midget subs and captured the fifth. • All eight U.S. battleships were either sunk or damaged during the attack. Amazingly, all but two (the Arizona and the Oklahoma) were eventually able to return to active duty.

10. Facts About the Airfields at Pearl Harbor • Many U.S. servicemen were either still in their pajamas or eating breakfast in the mess halls when the attack on Pearl Harbor began. • U.S. servicemen identified the invading planes as Japanese because of the "meatballs," what they called the large, red circle (the Rising Sun) on the side of Japanese planes. • The Japanese hoped to destroy U.S. planes on the ground in order to minimize any counter-attack against them over Pearl Harbor or against the Japanese attack force.

11. The Japanese struck US Airfields • Many of the U.S. airplanes were lined up outside, along the airstrips, wingtip to wingtip, in order to avoid sabotage. Unfortunately, that made them easy targets for the Japanese attackers. • Unable to get more than a handful of planes in the air, individual U.S. servicemen tried to shoot down the Japanese planes from the ground.

12. After the Attack on Pearl Harbor Ended • When the Japanese left Pearl Harbor at 9:45 a.m., the Americans didn't realize the attack was actually over. They expected another wave to hit. • The day following the attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that December 7, 1941 would be "a date that will live in infamy." • The United States declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941, the day following the attack on Pearl Harbor. • "Remember Pearl Harbor!" became a rallying cry for the U.S. during World War II

13. Interesting facts: • 1. Twenty-three sets of brothers died aboard the USS Arizona.

14. 2. The USS Arizona’s entire band was lost in the attack • Almost half of the casualties at Pearl Harbor occurred on the naval battleship USS Arizona, which was hit four times by Japanese bombers and eventually sank. • Among the 1,177 crewmen killed were all 21 members of the Arizona’s band, known as U.S. Navy Band Unit (NBU) 22. Most of its members were up on deck preparing to play music for the daily flag raising ceremony when the attack began. They instantly moved to man their battle positions beneath the ship’s gun turret. • At no other time in American history has an entire military band died in action. • The night before the attack, NBU 22 had attended the latest round of the annual “Battle of Music” competition between military bands from U.S. ships based at Pearl Harbor. • Contrary to some reports, NBU 22 did not perform, having already qualified for the finals set to be held on December 20, 1941. Following the assault, the unit was unanimously declared the winner of that year’s contest, and the award was permanently renamed the USS Arizona Band Trophy.

15. Members of U.S. Navy Band Unit (NBU) 22, all of whom were killed in action aboard the USS Arizona during the attack on Pearl Harbor.

16. 3. Fuel continues to leak from the USS Arizona’s wreckage. • On December 6, 1941, the USS Arizona took on a full load of fuel—nearly 1.5 million gallons—in preparation for its scheduled trip to the mainland later that month. • The next day, much of it fed the explosion and subsequent fires that destroyed the ship following its attack by Japanese bombers. • However, despite the raging fire and ravages of time, some 500,000 gallons are still slowly seeping out of the ship’s submerged wreckage: Nearly 70 years after its demise, the USS Arizona continues to spill up to 9 quarts of oil into the harbor each day. • In the mid-1990s, environmental concerns led the National Park Service to commission a series of site studies to determine the long-term effects of the oil leakage. • Some scientists have warned of a possible “catastrophic” eruption of oil from the wreckage, which they believe would cause extensive damage to the Hawaiian shoreline and disrupt U.S. naval functions in the area. • The NPS and other governmental agencies continue to monitor the deterioration of the wreck site but are reluctant to perform extensive repairs or modifications due to the Arizona’s role as a “war grave.” • In fact, the oil that often coats the surface of the water surrounding the ship has added an emotional gravity for many who visit the memorial and is sometimes referred to as the “tears of the Arizona,” or “black tears.”

17. 4. Some former crewmembers have chosen the USS Arizona as their final resting place. • The bonds between the crewmembers of the USS Arizona have lasted far beyond the ship’s loss on December 7, 1941. • Since 1982, the U.S. Navy has allowed survivors of the USS Arizona to be interred in the ship’s wreckage upon their deaths. • Following a full military funeral at the Arizona memorial, the cremated remains are placed in an urn and then deposited by divers beneath one of the Arizona’s gun turrets. • To date, more than 30 Arizona crewmen who survived Pearl Harbor have chosen the ship as their final resting place. • Crewmembers who served on the ship prior to the attack may have their ashes scattered above the wreck site, and those who served on other vessels stationed at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, may have their ashes scattered above their former ships. • As of November 2011, only 18 of the 355 crewmen who survived the bombing of the USS Arizona are known to be alive.

18. Gallery Walk: • Aloha! Welcome to Pearl Harbor on Oahu Hawaii. • Experience Hawaii's popular WWII memorials and museums with a visit to the USS Arizona Memorial! • Around the room you will find photos directly from Pearl Harbor Hawaii brought for you by Mrs. Davis • When making your way around the room you will create a circle map • Record what you see in as much detail as possible • Mahalo!

19. Videos:

20. Promts for contextualization : • I already know that ______________is happening at this time • From this video I would guess that people at this time were feeling • This video might not give me the whole picture because…

25. Pictures before the attack :

30. Pictures after the attack:

39. The Arizona Memorial

40. My Pics: