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Cell and cytoplasm

Cell and cytoplasm. Dr. EN L'Abbe Rm 5 -6 BMW Tel: 319 - 2438 l'abbe@med.up.ac.za. Objectives. Morphology and basic function: Cell Cytoplasm Organelles Other intracellular contents Nucleus and cell division. Anatomy handbook pg. 9 to 13. http://histoweb.up.ac.za. 17th c. microscopy.

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Cell and cytoplasm

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  1. Cell and cytoplasm Dr. EN L'Abbe Rm 5 -6 BMW Tel: 319 - 2438 l'abbe@med.up.ac.za ANA 151 Cells

  2. Objectives • Morphology and basic function: • Cell • Cytoplasm • Organelles • Other intracellular contents • Nucleus and cell division ANA 151 Cells

  3. Anatomy handbook pg. 9 to 13. • http://histoweb.up.ac.za ANA 151 Cells

  4. 17th c. microscopy • Robert Hooke • Micrographia (1664) • Malpighi (1660's) • Blood vessels in chick embryos • Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1670's) • Manufactured microscopes ANA 151 Cells

  5. Multi-cellular organisms • Cell • Distinct entity • Can function independently • Cell membrane: separates from the external environment • Shape is adapted to function ANA 151 Cells

  6. Cell substance (protoplasm) • 70% water • Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) • Inorganic materials such as calcium, potassium, sodium, iron etc. ANA 151 Cells

  7. Main components • Surface of the cell • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Organelles • Except for ribosomes, all have membranes ANA 151 Cells

  8. Cell surfaces • Cilia • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Microvilli • Junctional complexes • GI tract ANA 151 Cells

  9. ANA 151 Cells

  10. Cell surfaces • Cilia • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Microvilli • Junctional complexes • GI tract ANA 151 Cells

  11. Cell membrane • Protect cell, selectively permeable, cell to cell interactions • Endocytosis - bring in • Exocytosis - send out • Phospholipid bilayer ANA 151 Cells

  12. ANA 151 Cells

  13. Ribosomes • Synthesizing proteins • Free floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Plentiful in liver cells and erythroblasts ANA 151 Cells

  14. Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Parallel tubes, sheets and cavities • Studded with ribosomes • Prominent in liver and pancreatic cells - manufacture proteins for secretion • Associated with Golgi apparatus and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ANA 151 Cells

  15. ANA 151 Cells

  16. Golgi apparatus • Parallel tubes of various shape and size. • No ribosomes • Process and modify RER secretion products • Secretory vesicles ANA 151 Cells

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  18. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Smooth tubules that anatomose • No ribosomes • Steroid synthesis and drug detoxification occurs ANA 151 Cells

  19. Lysosomes • Small digestive organelle • Removes bacteria, old organelles, and secretory vesicles from the cell • Macrophages ANA 151 Cells

  20. Mitochondria • Ovid or rod-shaped • Double membrane • Christae mitochondriales - inner folds • Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ANA 151 Cells

  21. ANA 151 Cells

  22. Cytoskeleton • Intracellular architecture • Microtubules - pipe-like structure • Microfilament • Centrioli • 9 sets of microtubules ANA 151 Cells

  23. ANA 151 Cells

  24. Nucleus • Largest organelle • Contains chromosomes (DNA) • Gene expression, heredity and cell division (mitosis and meiosis) • Shape is variable: round, oval, kidney ANA 151 Cells

  25. Nuclear envelope • Double membrane with pores (nuclear pores) • Restricts molecules larger than 70 nm • Nucleolus: RNA production • Nucleoplasm ANA 151 Cells

  26. Chromosomes • Humans: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) • 22 pairs: autosomes • 1 pair: sex chromosomes • Female: XX • Male: XY ANA 151 Cells

  27. Cell division • Replace old cells, develop new cells, and form egg and sperm cells • Process of division is mitosis for autosomes chromosomes and meiosis for sex chromosomes. ANA 151 Cells

  28. Mitosis • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Process produces an identical cell ANA 151 Cells

  29. Prophase ANA 151 Cells

  30. Metaphase ANA 151 Cells

  31. Anaphase ANA 151 Cells

  32. Telophase ANA 151 Cells

  33. Meiosis • Each sex cell has unique, genetic information • Meiosis I: Metaphase: recombination • 1st division: daughter cells not identical to each other or to parental cells • Meiosis II: reduction (same as mitosis) ANA 151 Cells

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