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Explore the fascinating world of neuroscience, from understanding how neurons communicate to the anatomy of the brain. Discover the relationship between psychology, biology, chemistry, and electricity in the brain.
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Today’s coming attractions • How do you think? • What is a neuron? • How do neurons communicate? • How do we record the brain’s structure, function, and electrical activity?
How do neurons communicate? • What is the relationship between psychology, biology, chemistry, and electricity? • Movie DVD#1 Neural communication • What do you think might occur if the transmission of neurotransmitters across the synapse was blocked? • What if it was facilitated?
How do neurons communicate? • Synaptic gap? • Neurotransmitters • Endorphins • SSRI’s • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors • For depression
If you touch a hot stove, what happens? • Peripheral nervous system • Central nervous system
The peripheral nervous system consists of: A. association areas. B. the spinal cord. C. the reticular formation. D. sensory and motor neurons.
If you see a rattlesnake, what happens? • Sympathetic system • Parasympathetic system
You want to record the brain’s electrical activity. • What method would you use? • EEG = Electroencephalogram • What does it do?
Name That Brain Damage Damage to certain areas of the brain can cause specific deficits in behavior. This activity links specific brain areas with their functions. Acknowledgements: This activity was written by Antoinette R. Miller, Clayton State University
[sensation] [sleep/wake] [“life support”] Overview of Brain Anatomy:(1) Lower Brain Structures
[coordination and balance] Overview of Brain Anatomy:(2) Lower Brain Structures
{ [hunger thirst body temperature sexual behavior] [memory] [anger and fear] Overview of Brain Anatomy:(3) Lower Brain Structures
[touch/sensation] [movement/speech (left)] [vision] [hearing; comprehension (left)] Overview of Brain Anatomy:(4) Cerebral Cortex
What is a Lesion? • Lesion = tissue destruction. • Damage to a brain structure (or to multiple structures) may affect a person’s behavior or abilities. • Damage may be deliberate (experimental) or accidental (head injury, stroke, etc.)
Case Study 1: Patient JP suffered a minor stroke recently. Although he has recovered most of his function, he still is unable to speak clearly. He sounds stilted, and almost “Tarzan-like.” • parietal lobe • hippocampus • cerebellum • frontal lobe
Case Study 2: Patient GN recently was struck in the head with a crowbar. Although her eyes were undamaged, she is now unable to see. • occipital lobe • spinal cord • hippocampus • reticular formation
Case Study 3: Patient AF is suffering from a brain tumor. As the tumor grows, he is becoming increasingly belligerent and aggressive. He also seems to have no fear when confronted with threats or danger. • temporal lobe • amygdala • medulla • cerebellum
Case Study 4: Patient BB, ironically enough, has been shot in the head with a BB gun. The BB is now lodged in her brain, and she has lost feeling in her left hand. • pituitary gland • spinal cord • parietal lobe • frontal lobe
Case Study 5: Patient PD suffers from an extreme seizure disorder. Doctors have located the source of the seizures. To prevent PD’s death, they have surgically removed the affected area. While PD’s seizures have lessened considerably, he is now unable to form new memories. • hippocampus • occipital lobe • thalamus • frontal lobe
Case Study 6: Patient FD has suffered a minor stroke. Now, she is extremely uncoordinated and seems to have completely lost her sense of balance. • reticular formation • amygdala • temporal lobe • Cerebellum
A new superhero emerges on the scene. This superhero is able to stay awake and vigilant for extended amounts of time. He helps the intelligence community by being able to stay in surveillance for extended amounts of time without losing concentration and can always be paying attention to what is happening. A study of this superhero’s brain might show that the ____________ is more advanced and developed than a non-superhero’s. A. frontal lobe B. amygdala C. reticular formation D. occipital lobe
You are a neurologist in a large hospital. The wife of a construction worker visits you and describes that her husband has experienced a serious injury to his frontal lobe. She is perplexed by his behavior. Which of the following would you tell her is “normal behavior” for a person with frontal lobe damage? A. not much decline in memory or intelligence B. poor judgment C. irritability and other personality changes D. ALL of these are commonly seen in frontal lobe damage
Which of the following activities is NOT primarily a function of the left hemisphere? A. listening to a piano concerto B. reading your psychology book C. reading junk mail D. listening to a poetry reading
As Allison reaches for a box in her garage, out jumps a big spider. Her heart immediately begins to race as she withdraws her hand, but soon she realizes that the spider is harmless, and she begins to calm down. Which part of her nervous system is responsible for brining her back to a normal state of arousal? A. sympathetic nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. parasympathetic nervous system D. skeletal nervous system
If Dr. Barnes wanted to cause a cat to take on an attack posture, which of the cat’s brain structures should he electrically stimulate? A. amygdala B. hypothalamus C. hippocampus D. cerebellum
Consider This… • What other methods are available to researchers trying to link brain areas to functions? • Do you think using studies of lesions’ effects on behavior is the most reliable method? • Which brain area would you consider the most terrible to lose?
