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Learn about the essential drawing instruments and techniques used in architectural drafting, including orthographic projection, freehand sketching, computer-aided drafting, and more.

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  1. PowerPointPresentation PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley Park, Illinois 1

  2. Chapter 4 Drawing Instruments and Techniques 2

  3. Chapter 4 Overview • Introduction • Orthographic Projection • Three Principal Views • Architectural Manual Drafting Equipment • Freehand Sketching 3 (continued)

  4. Chapter 4 Overview • Computer-Aided Drafting and Design • Lines Used in Architectural Drafting • Architectural Lettering • CADD Symbols Library 4

  5. Learning Objectives • Define the three principal views in orthographic projection. • List and explain the use of architectural drafting equipment. • Explain the difference between size and scale. • Reproduce the standard alphabet of lines. (continued) 5

  6. Learning Objectives • Demonstrate an acceptable architectural lettering style. • Freehand sketch. • Identify the basic components of a CADD workstation. 6

  7. Introduction • Understanding basic drafting practices and the use of equipment is expected before attempting architectural drafting. • Most of the equipment and principles are similar to mechanical drafting. • A review of the basic drawing concepts will establish a foundation for architectural drafting. 7

  8. Orthographic Projection • Orthographic projection is the most basic drafting technique. • A means of representing the height, width, and depth of a three-dimensional object on two-dimensional paper. • The object is viewed at infinity, thus projection lines are parallel to each other. • Typically, three views are used. 8

  9. Orthographic Projection • This camp cottage shows the arrangement of views in orthographic projection. 9

  10. Three Principal Views • The three principal views in orthographic projection are the top, front, and right side views. • In architectural drafting, the views are similar but have different names. • The top view of a house is called a planview; used as the basis for most other drawings. (continued) 10

  11. Three Principal Views • The floor plan is a top view in section taken about half way up the wall. • The front elevation in architectural drafting is the same as the front view in mechanical drafting. • Architectural drafters ordinarily draw a view of each side of the structure, which are called elevations. 11

  12. Three Principal Views • How orthographic views are projected. 12

  13. Drafting Equipment • An architectural drafter uses equipment that is designed for specific purposes. • Using this specialized equipment requires skill and understanding. • The manual drafter uses traditional equipment such as triangles and scales. • The CADD drafter produces drawings on a computer. (continued) 13

  14. Drafting Equipment • Common manual drafting equipment. (continued) 14 (Koh-I-Noor Rapidograph, Inc.)

  15. Drafting Equipment • Common CADD workstation. 15

  16. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Pencils used in manual drafting are available in wood and mechanical types. (continued) 16 (Berol USA)

  17. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The most popular types of erasers used by architectural drafters are rubber and plastic. (continued) 17

  18. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Electric erasers can be used to quickly erase large areas. (continued) 18 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  19. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Erasing shields are made of metal or plastic. They are thin to provide for accurate erasing. (continued) 19 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  20. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Most architectural drawings are finished on tracing paper, velum, or drafting film. • Paper Sizes • A-size (9" x 12") • B-size (12" x 18") • C-size (18" x 24") • D-size (24" x 36") • E-size (36" x 48") (continued) 20

  21. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Common paper sizes. (continued) 21

  22. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drawing Boards • Standard sizes:12" x 18", 18" x 24", 24" x 36", and 30" x 42". • Materials: White pine, basswood, and plywood. • T-Squares • Materials: Wood, metal, plastics, and a combination. (continued) 22

  23. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drafting machines speed the work of the manual drafter and are usually permanently attached to the drafting table. (continued) 23 (Vemco Corporation)

  24. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Triangles are used to draw nonhorizontal lines. • 45° and 30°-60° triangles. • Metal or plastic. • Adjustable triangle (shown). (continued) 24 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  25. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Protractors are used for measuring angles. • Semicircular and circular styles. (continued) 25

  26. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Architectural drafters use architect’s, engineer’s, and combination scales. 26

  27. Architect’s Scale • Divided into 3/32", 3/16", 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", 1", 1-1/2", and 3" to the foot. • One edge divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 12 units to the foot. • Used for most work. 27

  28. Engineer’s Scale • Divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 10 units to the inch. • The engineer’s scale is used by the architectural drafter to draw plot plans. 28

  29. Combination Scale • Divided into 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", and 1" to the foot. • One edge is divided into 50 parts to the inch. • One edge is divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions include 12 units to the foot and 10 units to the inch. 29

  30. Size Compared to Scale • “Size” and “scale” need clarification. • “Half size” means the drawing is one half as large as the object. • Scale: 1/2" = 1'-0" means the drawing is 1/2 scale. • 1/2 scale means 1/2" on the drawing = 1'-0" on the object. • Residential plans are generally 1/4" = 1'-0" scale. 30

  31. Reading the Scale • The 1/8" = 1'-0" and 1/4"=1'-0" scales are printed on the upper edge of this architect’s scale. (continued) 31

  32. Reading the Scale • The proper method of measuring 16'-4" using the 1/4" = 1'-0" scale. 32

  33. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Dividers are used to divide a line into a number of parts. • Three types are shown. (continued) 33

  34. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The compass is used to draw circles, arcs, or radii. • Center-wheel type shown. (continued) 34

  35. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The beam compass is used to draw large arcs. (continued) 35

  36. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering guides are used to draw guidelines for hand lettering. • Types: Ames and Braddock-Rowe. (continued) 36

  37. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Irregular curves are used to draw curved lines that cannot be drawn with a compass. • Flexible curve. (continued) 37

  38. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The case instruments may include dividers, compass, lining pens, pencil pointers, spare parts, small screwdriver, and various other instruments. (continued) 38

  39. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering devices are used when uniformity of letters is essential. • Stencil type. (continued) 39

  40. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Technical pens are used to ink a drawing. Points are interchangeable and range from 000 to 8. (continued) 40 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  41. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Templatesserve as guides in drawing special lines or symbols. Most are made of plastic. (continued) 41 (Berol USA)

  42. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Gridsare available in a wide variety of sizes and forms: square, isometric, and perspective. 42

  43. Freehand Sketching • Freehand sketching is a method of making a drawing without the use of instruments. • Most designers use sketches to “think through” an idea before making the final drawing. • Freehand sketching requires only a pencil and plain or grid paper. (continued) 43

  44. Freehand Sketching • Cross-section paper may be used for freehand sketching. 44

  45. Sketching Technique • When sketching, hold the pencil with a grip firm enough to control the strokes. • Your arm and hand should have a free and easy movement. • As you sketch, rotate the pencil slightly between the strokes to retain the point longer. • Initial lines should be sharp and light. (continued) 45

  46. Sketching Technique • Apply light pressure to avoid making grooves in the paper. • Keep your eye on the point where the line will end; use a series of short strokes to reach that point. • When all the lines are sketched, go back and darken the lines. • Strive for neatness and good technique. (continued) 46

  47. Sketching Technique • When sketching, grip your the pencil farther back than you normally would. 47

  48. Sketching Horizontal Lines • There are four basic steps. 48

  49. Sketching Vertical Lines • There are four basic steps. 49

  50. Sketching Inclined Lines • Locate the end points of the line. • Position arm for trial movement. • Sketch several short, light lines. • Focus on end point. • Darken the line. 50

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