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Peace Support Operations

Peace Support Operations. A broad umbrella of terms and action Key priorities post-peace settlement? Peacekeeping and its evolution since 1950s Changing role of international community? Who keeps the peace? And why? UN-integrated missions, regional actors Timor-Leste case study

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Peace Support Operations

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  1. Peace Support Operations • A broad umbrella of terms and action • Key priorities post-peace settlement? • Peacekeeping and its evolution since 1950s • Changing role of international community? • Who keeps the peace? And why? • UN-integrated missions, regional actors • Timor-Leste case study • Peacekeeping/peacebuilding nexus • Which institutions adopted? • South Sudan case study • Challenges and future direction • Spoilers in peace processes • Who are they? How to manage them?

  2. Peacekeeping • Definition? • Evolutionandchangingunderstandingandscopeof PKO • Peacekeepingappropriateat 3 pointsontheescalationscale (Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall, 2008): • Containviolenceandpreventitfromescalation to war; • Limittheintensity, geographicalspreadanddurationofwaronceithasbrokenout; • And to consolidate a ceasefireandcreatespace for reconstructionaftertheendof a war.

  3. Changing Peacekeeping • Fluidcategories • PKOsemergedinthe 1950s, in response to Suez crisisintheMiddleEast • 1st GenerationPKOs: traditionalandmilitaryfocus • 2nd GenerationPKOs: Boutros-Ghali‘s 1992 ‘Agenda for Peace’ – range offunctions: military, policeandciviliancomponents, yetfailedoptimismofthe 1990s • 3rd Generation ‘PeaceSupport’ Operations: attempt to addressroot causes

  4. Generation of PSO

  5. UN IntegratedMissions: Case-studyof UNMIT, Timor-Leste • All UN actors share vision and strategic objectives and plan - does this really happen? • Common workplan bet UNMIT and UNCT in Justice, SSR, communications, humanitarian issues and HIV/AIDS amongst others • Example of SSR and Civil Protection Law in Timor-Leste

  6. Peacekeeping-PeacebuildingNexus: where are weheading? UNSG Ban Ki-moon statement to the UNSC, 16 April 2010: Peacekeepers are peacebuilders and they must “seize the window of opportunity in the immediate aftermath of conflict. They are the first to set priorities”

  7. Peacekeeping-Peacebuilding Nexus • Recent debate within DPKO • 10 of the current 16 UN PKOs are multidimensional and mandated to perform a range of peacebuilding activities • Peacekeepers as ‘early peacebuilders’? • ‘Articulate’ peacebuilding priorities; • ‘Enable’ other actors to implement peacebuilding tasks; • ‘Implement’ certain early peacebuilding tasks.

  8. Peacekeeping-PeacebuildingNexusCase-study: UNMISS, SouthSudan • UNMISS’s emphasis on local peacebuilding • Establishment of platforms and portals for peacebuilding – security, state authority and peace dividends? • 35 County Support Bases (CSBS) and 10 state offices • Reconstruction, Reintegration and Peacebuilding (RRP) officers coordinating CSBs, supported by Human Rights, Police and other • Unprecedented depth and breadth of engagement – will also impact on expectations

  9. Challenges-considerations on peacekeeping-peacebuilding nexus • Obsession with the state: Balancing act between national and traditional authorities: promote principles of ‘hybrid political orders’? • De Waal’s notion of ‘political marketplace’ • Competition between organisations • Short-term vs Long-term objectives? • Integrated missions - shrinking of humanitarian space? • Can the UN deliver real peace dividends along with its presences?

  10. Spoilers • Need to think about motivations to counter them • Limited • Greedy • Total • Different ways of dealing with them • Onus on peacekeepers/monitors to identify type and act appropriately • Wrong action can strengthen spoiler’s position • Need to think of process holistically when acting

  11. Spoiler Case Study - Rwanda • Peace Accords signed, 1993 – wide-ranging provisions • But, Habyarimana unwilling to fulfil obligations – why was he a spoiler? • CDR not involved in negotiations – been vetoed by RPF • Burundian coup, obligations ignored, growing violence, incitement of ethnic killing • UNAMIR commander’s request for more support ignored • UN misdiagnosed spoilers, threatened to withdraw - what CDR spoilers wanted • Paid little attention to actual situation • Habyarimana assassinated after agreeing to implement, moderates murderd, militias began killing Tutsis, Belgian peacekeepers killed • UN response, reduced number of PK – Stedman calls it “appeasement by inaction”

  12. Motivations

  13. Questions for discussion • Whatisthedifferenceandrelationshipbetween peacebuilding andstatebuilding? What are the risks of a peacekeeping mission’s involvement in institution building? • HowcancoordinationbetweendifferentsetsofactorsinvolvedinPeaceSupportOperationsbeimproved? • Peacekeeping and Local Peacebuilding: How Intrusive Should Peacekeeping Be? • Are peacekeepersearly peacebuilders? Cantheyperform peacebuilding roles? • Isitbetternot to intervene?

  14. Suggested discussion structure • Divide into two groups that will tackle 2/3 questions each, building on different case-studies

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