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Energy Storage Technology ECE 421/521 – November 4, 2013

Energy Storage Technology ECE 421/521 – November 4, 2013. Group 2: Logan Cook, Chris Crowder, Nan Duan , Steven Dutton, Stephen Estep, Edward Jones, Siqi Wang. Introduction. Energy storage is necessary for portable devices and transportation.

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Energy Storage Technology ECE 421/521 – November 4, 2013

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  1. Energy Storage TechnologyECE 421/521 – November 4, 2013 Group 2: Logan Cook, Chris Crowder, Nan Duan, Steven Dutton, Stephen Estep, Edward Jones, Siqi Wang

  2. Introduction • Energy storage is necessary for portable devices and transportation. • Grid storage is an increasingly necessary solution to problems with reliability and variable resources. • CALISO 33% integration tipping point • Most common types of electric energy storage: • Batteries (lead acid, lithium, redox flow) • Hydrogen • Pumped hydro • Compressed air • Flywheels • SMES • Supercapacitors [1] www.deeyaenergy.com [2] www.renewableenergyworld.com [3] www.maxwell.com

  3. BatteriesHistory & basic theory • The term “battery” was first used by Benjamin Franklin in the 1740’s to describe a set glass jar capacitors that would gather an electric charge via a static generator and store the charge until discharge. [1] • The first battery, the electric pile or voltaic pile, was created by Alessandro Volta in the 1790’s and consisted of a brine soaked cloth sandwiched between two metal discs. [2] [1] http://www.benfranklin300.org/frankliniana/result.php?id=72&sec=0 [2] http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/prehist.htm

  4. BatteriesAdvantages & disadvantages Advantages: • Can be combined or scaled to provide the needed voltage and current for a specific application. • Battery systems can provide longer runtimes than other technologies, such as flywheels or ultracapacitors. [1] • Multitude of design options available to suit a given purpose. Disadvantages: • Can be costly, bulky, and toxic to the environment. • Limited charge/discharge cycles. • Can have long recharge time.

  5. BatteriesState of the art designs and products • Lithium-Polysulfide Flow Battery • Utilizes a single tank/pump design in lieu of the traditional two tank/pump flow battery design. [1] • Utilizes a simple coating on the lithium anode to allow electrons to pass without degrading the metal in lieu of the expensive membrane required in traditional flow batteries. • Simpler, cheaper, and smaller design. [1] http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2013-04-24-polysulfide-flowbattery.aspx

  6. BatteriesResearch challenges & focus • Develop electric vehicle batteries with energy densities levels equal to or better than that of fossil fuels. • Develop more environmentally friendly batteries utilizing organic compounds. • Develop batteries that can withstand a larger number of charge/discharge cycles and have shorter recharge times. [1] http://www.anl.gov/articles/researchers-tackle-new-challenge-pursuit-next-generation-lithium-batteries

  7. HydrogenHistory & basic theory • 1834, William R. Grove invents gaseous voltaic battery. • Used H2 and O2 as reactants and platinum for contacts. • The main process for production is electrolysis of water. • Other sources are natural gas reformation and biomass extraction. • Once synthesized, is used as a storage mechanism for wind and solar power.1 • Stored in liquid form or compressed form.1 • Stored in fuel cells for electrical use.1 • Has gained more attention due to emissions free combustion. [1] Metz, Stefan (2011). Hydrogen as Energy Storage. The Linde Group. Retrieved from http://www.the-linde-group.com/en/clean_technology/clean_technology_portfolio/hydrogen_as_fuel/hydrogen_as_energy_storage/index.html

  8. HydrogenAdvantages & disadvantages • Advantages • Provides backup power during peak usage or when renewable sources are not adequate.1 • High energy density • Only by product of combustion is H2O. • Long storage periods. • Stores up to 10 MW.2 • Cheaper than Compressed Air Energy Storage and pumped hydro.2 • Emergency response time of less than one minute.2 • Disadavantages • Low round trip efficiency of 40% (produced then re-electrified).1 • Half as efficient as Compressed Air and pumped hydro. www1.eere.energy.gov [1] Study. (2012). European Renewable Energy Network. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/itre/dv/renewable_energy_network_/renewable_energy_network_en.pdf [2]Anscombe, Nadya (4 June 2012). Energy Storage: Could Hydrogen Be the Answer. Solar Novus Today. Retrieved from http://www.solarnovus.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5028:energy-storage-could-hydrogen-be-the-answer&catid=38:application-tech-features&Itemid=246

  9. HydrogenState of the art designs and products • Biggest areas of development is in automobiles, using hydrogen fuel cells for fuel. • Siemens developing more advanced electrolyzers for hydrogen production based on proton exchange membrane technology.1 • A United Kingdom company, ITM Power, has developed electrolyzers with minimal moving parts.1 • Virginia Tech researchers are extracting large amounts of hydrogen from xylose.2 • Hydrogenics, partnering with Enbridge, developing ways to use existing natural gas pipelines for transport. www.cafcp.org [1] Study. (2012). European Renewable Energy Network. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/itre/dv/renewable_energy_network_/renewable_energy_network_en.pdf [2] Barlow, Z. (4 April 2013). Breakthrough in Hydrogen Fuel Production Could Revolutionize Alternative Energy Market. Virginia Tech News. Retrieved from http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2013/04/040413-cals-hydrogen.html?utm_campaign=Argyle%2BSocial-2013-04&utm_content=shaybar&utm_medium=Argyle%2BSocial&utm_source=twitter&utm_term=2013-04-04-08-30-00

  10. HydrogenResearch challenges & focus • Focus of hydrogen storage is large scale production of hydrogen and transportation costs. • Research on the difficulty of large scale integration into existing utilities. • Siemens and ITM Power are designing more efficient electrolyzers for integration in the Mega-Watt range.1 • Researching areas suitable for long term storage for integration into existing utilities.2 [1] Anscombe, Nadya (4 June 2012). Energy Storage: Could Hydrogen Be the Answer. Solar Novus Today. Retrieved from http://www.solarnovus.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5028:energy-storage-could-hydrogen-be-the-answer&catid=38:application-tech-features&Itemid=246 [2] Study. (2012). European Renewable Energy Network. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/itre/dv/renewable_energy_network_/renewable_energy_network_en.pdf

  11. Pumped hydro & compressed airHistory & basic theory • Used for storing energy for the grid. • Energy is stored during off-peak hours. • First Pumped hydro was 1930. • First Compressed air was 1978. [1] http://caes.pnnl.gov/ [2] http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/pump-storage.asp

  12. Pumped hydro & compressed airAdvantages & disadvantages • Pumped Hydro • Advantages: • Largest Capacity storage available • Most cost efficient way • Disadvantages: • Highly dependent on the geography of the area. • Compresses Air • Advantages: • Possible to reuses old mine shafts • High efficiency • Disadvantages • Obvious safety risks • Higher safety codes which limit usability. [1] http://www.pge.com/en/about/environment/pge/cleanenergy/caes/index.page [2] http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/pump-storage.asp

  13. Pumped hydro & compressed airState of the art designs and products • Pumped Hydro • Using sea water • Small scale versions. • Pairing it with solar or wind power to store the energy produced. • Compressed Air • PG&E are looking into creating an underground one in California. • Found higher efficiency expander. • Fiber reinforced containers for storage. • Pumping air into airbags beneath the ocean surface for storage. • Use it for automobile fuel system. [1] http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2011/11/pump-up-the-storage/ [2] http://caes.pnnl.gov/

  14. Pumped hydro & compressed airResearch challenges & focus • Pumped Hydro • Increasing the efficiency. • Pump • Decreasing storage losses • Making it more universally usable. • Compressed Air • Increasing the efficiency. • Expanders and compressors. • Keeping the air temperature high. • Using abandoned mine shafts. [1] http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2011/11/pump-up-the-storage/

  15. Flywheels & SMESHistory & basic theory • Flywheels • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) [1] http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch2/storage.html [2] http://www.intechopen.com/books/wind-energy-management/superconducting-devices-in-wind-farm

  16. Flywheels & SMES Advantages & disadvantages Flywheels E = (1/4) mr2w2 Advantages • Efficiency (low losses) • Quick energy transfer • Maintenance Disadvantages • Weight • Failure Problems • Cost Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Advantages E = (1/2) LI2 • Short time delay • Energy Recovery Rate • Environmentally beneficial Disadvantages • Temperature sensitivity • Limited applications • Initial cost [1] http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8428 [2]http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage.html

  17. Flywheels & SMES State of the art designs and products [1]http://www.physics.oregonstate.edu/~demareed/313Wiki/doku.php?id=superconductor_electricity_transmission [2]http://www.technologyreview.com/news/416518/a-more-durable-wind-turbine/

  18. Flywheels & SMESResearch challenges & focus • SMES market projected to hit $57.2 Million by 2018 • Driven by rising demand for advanced energy storage technologies • Vendors are focusing efforts on the development of SMES systems with higher energy storage capacity • Efforts are being made to lower the cost of the SMES technology. [1] http://www.renew-grid.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.10389

  19. Electrical double layer capacitorsHistory & basic theory • Commonly known as supercapacitors, ultracapacitors, electrochemical capacitors

  20. Electrical double layer capacitorsAdvantages & disadvantages Advantages over other storage types • Power density 100x that of conventional batteries • Cycle life in hundreds of thousands, instead of one thousand • Cycle depth can be varying without degradation • High round-trip efficiency Disadvantages • Low cell voltage (< 3 V) • Lower energy density (about half that of advanced batteries) • Require more advanced power electronics • [1] A. Schneuwly, “Charging ahead: Can ultracapacitors provide the power that storage devices can’t?”, IEE Power Engineer, vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 34-37, Feb. 2006. • [2] S. Atcitty, “Electrochemical capacitor characterization for • electric utility application,” Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 2006.

  21. Electrical double layer capacitorsState of the art designs and products • Electric vehicles- regenerative braking, accelerating, hill-climbing • Grid storage for active and reactive power support • Wind farm energy storage and power smoothing • [1] www.howstuffworks.com • [2] C. Abbey and G. Joos, “Supercapacitor energy storage for wind energy applications,” IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 769-776, May/Jun. 2007.

  22. Electrical double layer capacitorsResearch challenges & focus • Increased energy density • Carbon nanotube electrodes • Electrolytes with higher breakdown voltage • Lower-cost power electronics • Hybrid supercapacitor/battery storage systems Activated carbon electrode - 10µm particle diameter Carbon nanotubes – 1 nm particle diameter • [1] A. Schneuwly, “Charging ahead: Can ultracapacitors provide the power that storage devices can’t?”, IEE Power Engineer, vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 34-37, Feb. 2006. • [2] S. Atcitty, “Electrochemical capacitor characterization for • electric utility application,” Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 2006.

  23. The control of STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for improved power quality • Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) • Improve power quality(power factor and voltage regulation) • Limited capability for delivering real power • Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SCESS) • Store significant amount of energy and release it quickly • [1] P. Srithorn, M. Sumner, L. Yao, and R. Parashar, “The control of a STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for improved power quality,” presented at CIRED Seminar, Frankfurt, Germany, Jun. 23-24, 2008, Paper 0008, SmartGrids for Distribution Session 1.

  24. The control of STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for improved power quality • 3 operation modes • Supplying reactive power to the grid • Recharging of the supercapacitor (Buck Mode) • Supplying real power to the grid (Boost Mode) Boost: (Buck mode has reverse energy exchange process, namely, from grid to Csc) • [1] P. Srithorn, M. Sumner, L. Yao, and R. Parashar, “The control of a STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for improved power quality,” presented at CIRED Seminar, Frankfurt, Germany, Jun. 23-24, 2008, Paper 0008, SmartGrids for Distribution Session 1.

  25. The control of STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for improved power quality • Control of STATCOM + SCESS Mode1:Supply reactive power Model 2:Buck Mode Model 3:Boost Mode • [1] P. Srithorn, M. Sumner, L. Yao, and R. Parashar, “The control of a STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for improved power quality,” presented at CIRED Seminar, Frankfurt, Germany, Jun. 23-24, 2008, Paper 0008, SmartGrids for Distribution Session 1.

  26. Energy Storage System In Smart Grid • Key Storage Technology Example Electricity storage can be deployed throughout an electric power system-functioning as generation, transmission, distribution, or end-use assets-an advantage when it comes to providing local solutions to a variety of issues.

  27. Energy storage system in Smart Grid • Battery Energy Storage System Battery energy storage systems are comprised of batteries, power electronics for conversion between alternating and direct current, and the control system. The batteries convert electrical energy into chemical energy for storage. [1] Such, M.C. ; Hill, C. (2012). Battery Energy Storage and Wind Energy Integrated into the Smart Grid. Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 1-4.  

  28. Energy Storage System In Smart Grid • Batteries Installation Example In Minnesota 1MW sodium-sulfur battery energy systems to support generation from a nearby 11MW wind farm. • Battery componentsSingle battery cell [1] H. L. Chan and D. Sutanto, “A new battery model for use with battery energy storage systems and electric vehicles power sys- tems,’’ in IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 470-475, January 2000. [2] Chet Sandberg . Integrating Battery Energy Storage with a BMS for Reliability, Efficiency, and Safety in Vehicles . Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), 2012, pp. 1- 3

  29. Conclusion • Characteristics of an energy storage technology • Energy density- kWh capacity per volume • Power density- kW capacity per volume • Cost, round-trip efficiency, etc • Different technologies for every application • [1] C. Abbey and G. Joos, “Supercapacitor energy storage for wind energy applications,” IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 769-776, May/Jun. 2007.

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