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Biotechnology Definition : manipulating organisms to provide useful products or services

Manipulating the Genome. Biotechnology Definition : manipulating organisms to provide useful products or services Historical Applications: yeast for bread bacteria for cheese, soya sauce selective breeding Modern Definition:

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Biotechnology Definition : manipulating organisms to provide useful products or services

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  1. Manipulating the Genome • Biotechnology Definition: • manipulating organisms to provide usefulproducts or services • Historical Applications: • yeast for bread • bacteria for cheese, soya sauce • selective breeding • Modern Definition: • commercial application of living organisms involving direct manipulation of DNA

  2. Recombinant DNA • transposable genes have been discovered in bacteria, such that genes can be inserted randomly along a circular piece of extra DNA (plasmid) •  conjugation in bacteria allows for the exchange of plasmids, conferring new traits (like antibiotic resistance) in the absence of sexual reproduction •  conjugation in bacteria has been exploited by biotechnologists in the development of genetic engineering

  3. Genetic Engineering • a “gene of interest” is isolated and a bacterial plasmid is opened using restriction enzymes as ”scissors” • restriction enzymes recognize a nucleotide sequence in both the DNA of the cell containing the gene of interest and in the bacterial plasmid • cut ends are “sticky” and complementary so that the gene of interest fits into the plasmid (gene splicing) to create recombinant DNA •  recombinant DNA (plasmid) taken up by some bacteria •  bacterial replication produces copies of the gene of interest • bacteria containing recombinant DNA are engineered to be resistant to a particular antibiotic, so can be isolated by plating them on a medium containing the antibiotic • the gene of interest is isolated from plasmids using restriction enzymes and applied to other organisms (growth hormones, disease resistance)

  4. Transgenic Organisms • recombinant DNA incorporated into the DNA of other organisms produces new traits like frost resistance in tomatoes with an “antifreeze” gene from a fish (Flavr Savr tomatoes were the first GMF), and pesticide resistance (Roundup-Ready Canola) • genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) have become common as food in North America, few people aware how prevalent they have become (voluntary labelling of GMO’s in Canada) • Monsanto successfully sued a canola farmer for stealing their patented strain, while he maintained his field was contaminated by surrounding farmers that were Monsanto clients • introduction into Europe has been resisted (“Frankenfood”) •  Gene Technology in Agriculture

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