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Community Ecology

Community Ecology. Chapter 47. Outline. Diversity and Composition Models Island Biogeography Habitat and Ecological Niche Competition Between Populations Predator-Prey Interactions Symbiotic Relationships Community Development Community Diversity. Community Concept.

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Community Ecology

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  1. Community Ecology Chapter 47

  2. Outline • Diversity and Composition Models • Island Biogeography • Habitat and Ecological Niche • Competition Between Populations • Predator-Prey Interactions • Symbiotic Relationships • Community Development • Community Diversity

  3. Community Concept • What is a community? • Factors to consider • Composition is a listing of various species in the community. • Diversity includes both species richness and species diversity.

  4. Diversity and Composition Models • Gleason - Individualistic Model • Each population in community is there because its own particular abiotic requirements are met by a particular habitat. • Clements - Interactive Model • Community is the highest level of organization. • Dependent on biotic interactions.

  5. Island Biogeography • MacArthur and Wilson--effects of distance from the mainland and size of an island on community diversity. • Conclusions?

  6. Model of Island Biogeography

  7. Habitat and Ecological Niche • Habitat -- Home. • Ecological niche ---occupation in the community • Fundamental niche - potential • Realized niche - actual

  8. Feeding Niches for Wading Birds

  9. Species interactions • Community interactions can be potent selective pressures • Competition • Intraspecific • Interspecific • Predator/Prey • Symbiosis

  10. RESULTS OF INTERACTION • (+) organism benefits (how?) • (-) organism suffers (how?) • (0) neutral, no benefit or loss (RU sure?)

  11. Competition Between Populations • Intraspecific competition (?) • Interspecific competition (?) • Competitive Exclusion Principle • Resource Partitioning decreases competition. • Can lead to character displacement.

  12. Resource Partitioning –more specialized niches

  13. Competition Between Barnacle Species

  14. Character Displacement in Galápagos Finches

  15. Predator-Prey Interactions • Predation • Selective pressure? • Interaction = +, - • Population effects

  16. Lynx-Snowshoe Hare Interactions

  17. Prey Defenses • Prey defenses -adaptations that thwart the possibility of being eaten by a predator. • Concealment/cryptic coloration/other coloration • Warning coloration • Armor/weaponry • Chemicals • Behavior

  18. Gecko Gecko?

  19. Gecko?

  20. Stoneplant

  21. Walking stick

  22. Camouflage in the Anglerfish

  23. Mimicry • Mimicry occurs when one species resembles another that possesses an overt antipredator defense. • Batesian – Harmless mimics harmful • Müllerian – Harmful mimics harmful

  24. Batesian I: Coral snake or Milk Snake? Would you bet your life on it?

  25. Batesian or Mullerian?

  26. Vertebrate Eye Mimicry • Similar to Batesian • Can startle or confuse predator

  27. Eye Mimicry 2

  28. Aposematic (Warning) Coloration

  29. Chemical Defenses

  30. Chemical Defenses 2

  31. Deceptive Coloration Example

  32. Sea Hare

  33. PHAGOMIMICRY

  34. Symbiotic Relationships • Symbiosis close relationship between members of two populations. We’ll be interested in 3: • Parasitism (+, -) • Commensalism (+, 0) • Mutualism (+,+)

  35. Parasitism (+, -) • Endoparasites Ex? • Ectoparasites EX? • Social Parasites • Brood parasites • Kleptoparasites

  36. Endoparasite Life cycles • Complex, spend different stages in different hosts • Definitive host (primary host) • Intermediate host

  37. Tapeworm Life Cycle

  38. Schistosomiasis

  39. Elephantiasis

  40. Brood Parasitism--European Cuckoo • The behavior of the cuckoo hatchling ejecting the host eggs from the nest • The feeding behavior of a foster mother to the cuckoo chick Figure 37.3B

  41. Kleptoparasite—Red Billed Gull

  42. Commensalism --+, 0 • Shark (0) • Remora (+)

  43. Pseudocopulation Some orchids offer no nectar at all, but they resemble the female of various insect species. Or at least, resemble closely enough to fool a desperate male of the species – the mimicry is chemical as well as visual. The unfortunate male has to be deceived twice and engage in two acts of pseudocopulation before pollination takes place. Common european species doing this are the bee orchids in the genus Ophrys. In fact some populations of bee orchid seem to be self-fertile in the absence of pollination. Bee orchid Ophrys apifera

  44. Mutualism • Mutualism (+,+) both members of the association benefit. • ADVANTAGES? • EX?

  45. Mutualism Between Bullhorn Acacia and Ants

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