MODERN MIDDLE EASTERN HISTORY HONORS NON-WESTERN HISTORY MR. TUMINO

1. MODERN MIDDLE EASTERN HISTORYHONORS NON-WESTERN HISTORYMR. TUMINO

2. Prentice Hall TextChapter 16-section 2Chapter 22-sections 2-4

3. 2 Modernization in Turkey and Iran IRAN TURKEY Atatürk forced through an ambitious program of radical reforms. His goals were to modernize Turkey along western lines and separate religion from government. He: replaced Islamic law with a European-style law code replaced the Muslim calendar with the western calendar forced people to wear western dress opened state schools encouraged industrial expansion outlawed polygamy and gave rights to women Shah Reza Khan rushed to modernize Iran and make it fully independent. He: built factories, roads, and railroads and strengthened the army adopted the western alphabet forced Iranians to wear western clothing set up modern, secular schools. replaced Islamic law with secular law encouraged women to take part in public life

4. 2 The Middle East, 1920s

5. 2 European Mandates and Arab Nationalism During World War I, Arabs had been promised independence in exchange for helping the Allies against the Central Powers. Instead, the Paris Peace Conference had set up mandates — territories administered by European nations, which outraged the Arabs. In 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration, which supported the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Palestine was already the home to many Arab communities. This set the stage for conflict between Arab and Jewish nationalists. Arabs felt betrayed by the West — a feeling that has endured to this day. During the 1920s and 1930s, their anger erupted in frequent protests and revolts against western imperialism.

6. 2 Diversity and Nationalism DIVERSITY NATIONALISM Most people in the Middle East today are Muslims, but Jews and Christians still live there. Middle Eastern people speak more than 30 different languages. Every country is home to minority groups. Muslims share the same faith but belong to different national groups. Often, such differences have created divisions. After World War I, Arab nationalists opposed the mandate system that placed Arab territories under European control. The Pan-Arab dream of a united Arab state foundered, but the Arab League continued to promote Arab solidarity.

7. 2 Political and Economic Patterns GOVERNMENT OIL Oil-rich nations built roads, hospitals, and schools. Poorer countries lacked the capital needed for development. Most Middle Eastern nations developed authoritarian governments. WATER ECONOMICS Most of the region has limited rainfall. Oil-rich countries have built desalinization plants. Individual nations have built dams to supply water. Nations must seek ways to use water cooperatively. Some nations turned to socialism to end foreign economic control and modernize rapidly. To get capital, governments took foreign loans. Heavy borrowing left many nations deeply in debt.

8. 2 World Crude Oil Production

9. 2 Water Resources in the Middle East

10. Islamic Revival For more than 1,300 years, the Quran and Sharia provided guidance on all aspects of life. During the Age of Imperialism, westerners urged Muslim nations to modernize and to adopt western forms of secular government and law. Some Middle Eastern leaders adopted western models of development, promising economic progress and social justice. By the 1970s, in the face of failed development and repressive regimes, many Muslim leaders called for a return to Sharia. Islamic reformers, called fundamentalists by the West, did not reject modernization, but they did reject westernization.

11. 2 Women in the Muslim World Conditions for women vary greatly from country to country in the modern Middle East. Since the 1950s, women in most countries have won voting rights and equality before the law. In other countries, though, laws and traditions emerged that limited women’s right to vote, work, or even drive cars. The changes have taken place at different rates in different places: • In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, many urban women gave up long-held practices such as wearing hejab, or cover. • Conservative countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran have opposed the spread of western secular influences among women.

12. 3 What Issues Has Turkey Faced? • At the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviets tried to expand southward into Turkey. • Turkey struggled to build a stable government. • Modernization and urbanization brought social turmoil. • In 1999, a series of powerful earthquakes shook western Turkey, including major industrial areas. • Kurdish nationalists fought for autonomy. • Turkey waged a long struggle over Cyprus. • Turkey was divided politically, with secular politicians on one side and Islamic reformers on the other.

13. 3 Egypt: A Leader in the Arab World In the 1950s, Gamal Abdel Nasser set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination. He: • nationalized the Suez Canal • led two wars against Israel • employed socialist economic policies, which had limited success • built the Aswan High Dam Anwar Sadat came to power in the 1970s. He: • opened Egypt to foreign investment and private business • became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak: • reaffirmed the peace with Israel • mended fences with his Arab neighbors • faced serious domestic problems

14. 3 Iran’s Ongoing Revolution Because of its vast oil fields, Iran became a focus of western interests. In 1945, western powers backed Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, despite opposition from Iranian nationalists. In the 1970s, the shah’s enemies rallied behind Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who condemned western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law. The shah was forced into exile and Khomeini’s supporters proclaimed an Islamic Republic. Revolutionaries bitterly denounced the West. They attacked corruption, replaced secular courts with religious ones, dismantled women’s rights, and banned everything western. While, at first, they allowed some open discussion, before long they were suppressing opponents.

15. 4 The Cold War and the Middle East During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought access to the oil and waterways of the Middle East. Superpower rivalries had a far-reaching impact on the region. • In their global rivalry, each of the superpowers tried to line up allies in the Middle East. • Each superpower sold arms to its ally in the region. • In the Arab-Israeli conflict, the United States helped Israel, while the Soviet Union gave aid to the Arabs. • During and after the Cold War, the development of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East became a global concern.

16. 4 Arab-Israeli Issues After years of fighting and negotiations, peace in Israel remains an elusive goal. A number of specific issues continue to divide the two sides. Palestinians demanded the right to return to lands they fled during the Arab Israeli wars. Many Israelis insisted on the survival of Israeli settlements that had been built on these occupied lands. Palestinians demanded that part of Jerusalem become the capital of a future Palestinian nation. Israeli conservatives insisted that Jerusalem remain undivided as the capital of Israel.

17. 4 Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948 – 1995

18. 4 Civil War in Lebanon In the 1970s, the Arab-Israeli conflict fueled tensions in nearby Lebanon. • The Muslim population began to increase, disturbing the balance among Maronites (a Christian sect) and Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This led to unrest. • Palestinian refugees entering Lebanon from occupied territories strained resources. • PLO guerrillas in refugee camps in Lebanon crossed into Israel to attack civilian and military targets. In 1975, Lebanon was plunged into seemingly endless civil war. • Christian and Muslim militias battled for control of Beirut, the capital city. • Israel invaded the south, while Syria occupied eastern Lebanon. By 1990, Lebanese leaders finally restored some measure of order.

19. 4 Wars in the Persian Gulf Border disputes, oil wealth, foreign intervention, and ambitious rulers fed tensions along the Persian Gulf. In 1980, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein invaded Iran. • The resulting war dragged on for eight years, ending in a stalemate. For both nations, the human and economic toll was enormous. In 1990, Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich nation of Kuwait. • In the Gulf War, the United States organized a coalition of American, European, and Arab powers to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.

20. 4 Wars in the Persian Gulf, 1980 – 1991