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Swedish TB Control Program 1994 – 2008

Swedish TB Control Program 1994 – 2008. TUBERCULOSIS (TB) TB is a serious health problem all over the world. The number of new cases in humans i Europe is increasing. In the former Sovjet Block it is more commonly spread than in the rest of Europé. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson.

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Swedish TB Control Program 1994 – 2008

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  1. Swedish TB Control Program 1994 – 2008

  2. TUBERCULOSIS (TB) TB is a serious health problem all over the world. The number of new cases in humans i Europe is increasing. In the former Sovjet Block it is more commonly spread than in the rest of Europé. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Tuberculosis

  3. TUBERCULOSIS (TB) TB is a serious Health problem all over the world. The number of new cases in humans i Europé is increasing. In the former Sovjet Block it is more commonly spread than in the rest of Europé. TB is caused by mycobacteria: M. tuberculosis humans M. bovis cattle and deer M. avium birds 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Tuberculosis

  4. TUBERCULOSIS (TB) TB is a serious Health problem all over the world. The number of new cases in humans i Europé is increasing. In the former Sovjet Block it is mor commonly spread than in the rest of Europé. TB is caused by mycobacteria: M. tuberculosis humans M. bovis cattle and deer M. avium birds New strains om M. tuberculosis have developed resistance to most known antibiotics 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Tuberculosis

  5. Bovin tuberculosis in cattle is a growing problem in many countries, both within EU as in other countries. A control program is ongoing in EU. People can be infected by M. bovis from deer – SO DON’T KISS A DEER! In wild, free living, animals it is most common in badgers, wild boar and deer. In a deer farm TB can spread through respiratory air, from superficial lesions and from infected feedning places. It can often also come from infected wild animals (e.g. badgers and wild boar). 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Tuberculosis

  6. BACKGROUND IN SWEDEN In Sweden bovin TB in cattle is considered eradicated and the country was declared free from the disease in 1958. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Background Sweden

  7. BACKGROUND IN SWEDEN In Sweden bovin TB in cattle is considered eradicated and the country was declared free from the disease in 1958. Meat inspecting vets in abattoirs always check for TB. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Background Sweden

  8. BACKGROUND IN SWEDEN In Sweden bovin TB is considered eradicated and the country was declared free from the disease in 1958. Meat inspecting vets in abattoirs always check for TB. Sporadic cases has occured – the last case in 1978. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Background Sweden

  9. BACKGROUND IN SWEDEN In Sweden bovin TB is considered eradicated and the country was declared free from the disease in 1958. Meat inspecting vets in abattoirs always check for TB. Sporadic cases has occured – the last case in 1978. When Sweden became a member of EU Sweden was officially declare free from bovin TB in cattle. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Background Sweden

  10. BACKGROUND IN SWEDEN In Sweden bovin TB is considered eradicated and the country was declared free from the disease in 1958. Meat inspecting vets in abattoirs always check for TB. Sporadic cases has occured – the last case in 1978. When Sweden became a member of EU Sweden was officially declare free from bovin TB in cattle. In wild, free living animals, the last known case occured in 1945 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program Background Sweden

  11. TB IN DEER IN SWEDEN 1991 a case of bovin TB was found in a fallow hind. The hind was found dead in a deer farm. The infection was traced back to an import of fallow deer from another country in Europe 1987. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB in deer

  12. TB IN DEER IN SWEDEN 1991 a case of bovin TB was found in a fallow hind. The hind was found dead in a deer farm. The infection was traced back to an import of fallow deer from another country in Europe 1987. In all 14 deer farms, out of approx. 500, were infected with TB All of the infected deer were fallow deer. No case in red deer has been found, but red deer is also susceptible to TB. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB in deer

  13. TB IN DEER IN SWEDEN 1991 a case of bovin TB was found in a fallow hind. The hind was found dead in a deer farm. The infection was traced back to an import of fallow deer from another country in Europe 1987. In all 14 deer farms, out of approx. 500, were infected with TB All of the infected deer were fallow deer. No case in red deer has been found, but red deer is also susceptible to TB. All deer in the infected farms were killed and destructed. The deer farmers recieved full financial compensation from the governement. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB in deer

  14. TB IN DEER IN SWEDEN 1991 a case of bovin TB was found in a fallow hind. The hind was found dead in a deer farm. The infection was traced back to an import of fallow deer from another country in Europe 1987. In all 14 deer farms, out of approx. 500, were infected with TB All of the infected deer were fallow deer. No case in red deer has been found, but red deer is also susceptible to TB. All deer in the infected farms were killed and destructed. The deer farmers recieved full financial compensation from the governement. Deer farms that had sold to, or bought from, the infected farms were set under blockade, and no deer were allowed to leave these farms alive. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB in deer

  15. TB IN DEER IN SWEDEN 1991 a case of bovin TB was found in a fallow hind. The hind was found dead in a deer farm. The infection was traced back to an import of fallow deer from another country in Europe 1987. In all 14 deer farms, out of approx. 500, were infected with TB All of the infected deer were fallow deer. No case in red deer has been found, but red deer is also susceptible to TB. All deer in the infected farms were killed and destructed. The deer farmers recieved full financial compensation from the governement. Deer farms that had sold to, or bought from, the infected farms were set under blockade, and no deer were allowed to leave these farms alive. Already after the first outbreak in 1991 a small number of deer farms voluntarily started to test their deer after a scheme used in Danemark. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB in deer

  16. TB CONTROL PROGRAM In 1994 a voluntary TB cotrol program was put into action. One major reason for this program was intense pressure from the milk industry. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  17. TB CONTROL PROGRAM In 1994 a voluntary TB cotrol program was put into action. One major reason for this program was intense pressure from the milk industry. The control program is conducted by a company – Swedish Animal Health Service (SAHS) – a veterinary organisation providing animal health service to all breeder of pigs, cattle, sheep and deer. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  18. TB CONTROL PROGRAM In 1994 a voluntary TB cotrol program was put into action. One major reason for this program was intense pressure from the milk industry. The control program is conducted by a company – Swedish Animal Health Service (SAHS) – a veterinary organisation providing animal health service to all breeder of pigs, cattle, sheep and deer. To manage the program a TB Control Board was set up. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  19. TB CONTROL PROGRAM In 1994 a voluntary TB cotrol program was put into action. One major reason for this program was intense pressure from the milk industry. The control program is conducted by a company – Swedish Animal Health Service (SAHS) – a veterinary organisation providing animal health service to all breeder of pigs, cattle, sheep and deer. To manage the program a TB Control Board (TBCB) was set up. TBCB have four voting members – on from SAHS (cairman), two from Swedish Deer Farmers Association (SDFA) and one from Swedish Milk. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  20. TB CONTROL PROGRAM In 1994 a voluntary TB cotrol program was put into action. One major reason for this program was intense pressure from the milk industry. The control program is conducted by a company – Swedish Animal Health Service (SAHS) – a veterinary organisation providing animal health service to all breeder of pigs, cattle, sheep and deer. To manage the program a TB Control Board (TBCB) was set up. TBCB have four voting members – on from SAHS (cairman), two from Swedish Deer Farmers Association (SDFA) and one from Swedish Milk. TBCB meetings have always been attended by official representatives from a number of government authoroties, from which the Swedish Board of Agriculture, National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and National Food Administration are the most important. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  21. TB CONTROL PROGRAM In 1994 a voluntary TB cotrol program was put into action. One major reason for this program was intense pressure from the milk industry. The control program is conducted by a company – Swedish Animal Health Service (SAHS) – a veterinary organisation providing animal health service to all breeder of pigs, cattle, sheep and deer. To manage the program a TB Control Board (TBCB) was set up. TBCB have four voting members – on from SAHS (cairman), two from Swedish Deer Farmers Association (SDFA) and one from Swedish Milk. TBCB meetings have always been attended by official representatives from a number of government authoroties, from which the Swedish Board of Agriculture, National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and National Food Administration are the most important. These non voting paricipants give advice to the TBCB. The decisions made by TBCB is given as advice to the proper authorities – mainly The Swedish Board of Agriculture who the issues directives for the program. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  22. CONTROL METHODS In the voluntary control program from 1994 there were three ways for a deer farm to be declared as free from TB: 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  23. CONTROL METHODS In the voluntary control program from 1994 there were three ways for a deer farm to be declared as free from TB: 1. Skin test 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  24. CONTROL METHODS In the voluntary control program from 1994 there were three ways for a deer farm to be declared as free from TB: 1. Skin test 2. Kill and inspect all deer in the farm 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  25. CONTROL METHODS In the voluntary control program from 1994 there were three ways for a deer farm to be declared as free from TB: 1. Skin test 2. Kill and test all deer in the farm 3. Kill and test >20% every year for 15 years 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  26. CONTROL METHODS In the voluntary control program from 1994 there were three ways for a deer farm to be declared as free from TB: 1. Skin test 2. Kill and test all deer in the farm 3. Kill and test >20% every year for 15 years ALL FARMS also have to let all killed deer and deer found dead in the farm being TB-inspected by an official veterinary. Protocol has to be signed by the vet. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  27. CONTROL METHODS In the voluntary control program from 1994 there were three ways for a deer farm to be declared as free from TB: 1. Skin test 2. Kill and test all deer in the farm 3. Kill and test >20% every year for 15 years ALL FARMS are also have to let all killed deer and deer found dead in the farm being TB-inspected by an official veterinary. Protocol has to be signed by the vet. ALL FARMS also have to report annually, about number of deer, areal i farm, deer bought and sold, TB-inspection protocols etc. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  28. SKIN TEST 3 double ( M.bovis and M. avium) skin tests required. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  29. SKIN TEST 3 double ( M.bovis and M. avium) skin tests required. Method: The fur is shaved on the side of the neck when the deer is resticted. The vet injects small amount of tuberculine IN the skin, marks the injection spots, measure (in mm) the thickness of the skin on those two points, and the result is written in a protocol. All participating deer has to be ear tagged. After 72 hours the deer are once again cought and restricted and the injection spots are again measured. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  30. SKIN TEST 3 double ( M.bovis and M. avium) skin tests required. Method: The fur is shaved on the side of the neck when the deer is resticted. The vet puts small amount of tuberculine in the scin, marks the injection spots, measure (in mm) the thickness of the skin on those two point, and the result is written in a protocol. All paticipating dder has to be eartagged. After 72 hours the deer are once again cought and restricted and the injection spots are again measured. M. avium was used because it is widely spread among birds in Sweden, and that it often cross reacts with M. bovis, thus giving a false ”positive” reaction for bovin TB. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  31. SKIN TEST 3 double ( M.bovis and M. avium) skin tests required. Method: The fur is shaved on the side of the neck when the deer is resticted. The vet puts small amount of tuberculine in the scin, marks the injection spots, measure (in mm) the thickness of the skin on those two point, and the result is written in a protocol. All paticipating dder has to be eartagged. After 72 hours the deer are once again cought and restricted and the injection spots are again measured. M. avium was used because it is widely spread among birds in Sweden, and that it often cross reacts with M. bovis, thus giving a false ”positive” reaction for bovin TB. The first test was performed on all deer in the herd. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  32. SKIN TEST 3 double ( M.bovis and M. avium) skin tests required. Method: The fur is shaved on the side of the neck when the deer is resticted. The vet puts small amount of tuberculine in the scin, marks the injection spots, measure (in mm) the thickness of the skin on those two point, and the result is written in a protocol. All paticipating dder has to be eartagged. After 72 hours the deer are once again cought and restricted and the injection spots are again measured. M. avium was used because it is widely spread among birds in Sweden, and that it often cross reacts with M. bovis, thus giving a false ”positive” reaction for bovin TB. The first test was performed on all deer in the herd. The second test was performed at least 90 days after the first test and only on females over the age of one year. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  33. SKIN TEST 3 double ( M.bovis and M. avium) skin tests required. Method: The fur is shaved on the side of the neck when the deer is resticted. The vet puts small amount of tuberculine in the scin, marks the injection spots, measure (in mm) the thickness of the skin on those two point, and the result is written in a protocol. All paticipating dder has to be eartagged. After 72 hours the deer are once again cought and restricted and the injection spots are again measured. M. avium was used because it is widely spread among birds in Sweden, and that it often cross reacts with M. bovis, thus giving a false ”positive” reaction for bovin TB. The first test was performed on all deer in the herd. The second test was performed at least 90 days after the first test and only on females over the age of one year. The third test was performed at least 12 month after the first test and also only on adult females. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  34. SKIN TEST After 3 tests, without any reaction indicating bovin TB, the farm was officially declared as free from TB. If all deer was ear tagged before the age of one year the farm was also allowed to sell living deer to other farms. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  35. SKIN TEST After 3 tests, without any reaction indicating bovin TB, the farm was officially declared as free from TB. If all deer was ear tagged before the age of one year the farm was also allowed to sell living deer to other farms. After these three initial tests the test had to be repeated with an interval of 36 month in order to keep its status as free from TB. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  36. SKIN TEST After 3 tests, without any reaction indicating bovin TB, the farm was officially declared as free from TB. If all deer was ear tagged before the age of one year the farm was also allowed to sell living deer to other farms. After these three initial tests the test had to be repeated with an interval of 36 month In order to keep its status as free from TB. From 2006 a farm would get a permanent status as free from TB after four tests, provided that no deer was brought into the farm from other farms than those who had also tested at least four times. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  37. SKIN TEST After 3 tests, without any reaction indicating bovin TB, the farm was officially declared as free from TB. If all deer was ear tagged before the age of one year the farm was also allowed to sell living deer to other farms. After these three initial tests the test had to be repeated with an interval of 36 month In order to keep its status as free from TB. From 2006 a farm would get a permanent status as free from TB after four tests, provided that no deer was put into the farm from other farms than those who had also tested at least four times. New farms who bought their deer from farms that had testet 4 times were also declared free from TB. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  38. SKIN TEST After 3 tests, without any reaction indicating bovin TB, the farm was officially declared as free from TB. If all deer was ear tagged before the age of one year the farm was also allowed to sell living deer to other farms. After these three initial tests the test had to be repeated with an interval of 36 month In order to keep its status as free from TB. From 2006 a farm would get a permanent status as free from TB after four tests, provided that no deer was put into the farm from other farms than those who had also tested at least four times. New farms who bought their deer from farms that had testet 4 times whera also declared free from TB. The deer farm in Sweden that has tested the most times has tested 10 times. It is one of the farms who started testing already in 1991, three years before the control program started. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  39. SKIN TEST FINANCES: From the start of the program up until 2003 all costs for the tests were paid by the Government. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  40. SKIN TEST FINANCES: From the start of the program up until 2003 all costs for the tests were paid by the Government. 2003 – 2006 50% of the costs were paid by the Government. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  41. EMPTY THE FARM Kill all deer and have the carcases inspected for TB. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  42. EMPTY THE FARM Kill all deer and have the carcases inspected for TB. If all inspected deer were free from TB you were allowed to by new deer (from farms that tested at leat 3 rimes). 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  43. EMPTY THE FARM Kill all deer and have the carcases inspected for TB. If all inspected deer were free from TB you were allowed to by new deer (from farms that tested at leat 3 rimes). The venison of the killed deer were allowed for human consumption. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  44. EMPTY THE FARM Kill all deer and have the carcases inspected for TB. If all inspected deer were free from TB you were allowed to by new deer (from farms that tested at leat 3 rimes). The venison of the killed deer were allowed for human consumption. FINANCES: For each fallow deer the Government paid the farmer 30 Euro and for red deer 60 Euro. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  45. KILL AND TB-INSPECT >20% EVERY YEAR Every year kill and TB-inspect at least 20% of the herd in the farm. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  46. KILL AND TB-INSPECT >20% EVERY YEAR Every year kill and TB-inspect at least 20% of the herd in the farm. After 15 years without any sign of TB the farm will be declared free from TB 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  47. HOW DID SWEDISH DEER FARMER ACT AND REACT? 50 – 60% of the deer farmer chosed method 2 = kill all deer and eventually put in new deer. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  48. HOW DID SWEDISH DEER FARMER ACT AND REACT? 50 – 60% of the deer farmer chosed method 2 = kill all deer and eventually put in new deer. Many chosed not to put in new deer and the number of deer farms with deer decreased from approx. 500 to a little bit over 300. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

  49. COMPULSORY TB-CONTROL PROGRAM 2003-2008 In 2003 the Swedish Board of Agriculture decided tha all deer farms not beloning to the voluntary TB-program were taken in to a Compulsatory TB Control Program. 2008-03-26 Rolf Eriksson Swedish TB Control Program TB Control Program

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