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PROJECT OVERVIEW

Improving Quality, Nutrition and Health Impacts of Inclusion of Cassava Flour in Bread Formation in West Africa (Nigeria & Ghana). PROJECT OVERVIEW. DURATION: April 22, 2014 to April 21, 2016 Commencement date : December 2014 Principal Investigator: Dr. Michael Ngadi

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PROJECT OVERVIEW

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  1. Improving Quality, Nutrition and Health Impacts of Inclusion of Cassava Flour in Bread Formation in WestAfrica (Nigeria & Ghana)

  2. PROJECT OVERVIEW • DURATION:April 22, 2014 to April 21, 2016 • Commencement date: December 2014 • PrincipalInvestigator: Dr. Michael Ngadi • Co- Investigator: Prof. Joseph Alakali • Team Members: • Dr J.B. Ayoola (Researcher, Agricultural Economics) • Donald Dzerver (MSc. Student)

  3. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA FLOUR PROCESSING IN NIGERIAby *Josephine Bosede Ayoola, Donald Denen Dzever and Joseph Alkali *Presenting Author: Josephine Bosede Ayoola, Associate Professor (Agricultural Economics), Institute of Food Security/Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria

  4. INTRODUCTION • Cassava production - Nigeria has been consistently ranked as the world’s largest producers of cassava - about 54million tones/year, almost 19% of total world production - a third more than Brazil and almost double the production capacity of Thailand and Indonesia (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2011) • Cassava processing - more than 90% of cassava production is processed into food (Nweke et al. 2001; Philip et al, 2006). Significant industrial demand exists for cassava - as substitution for imported raw materials and semi-finished products. According to FMARD (2013), there is potential demand of 250,000 ton/year in the High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF), primarily from 10% replacement in bread flour and for use in bouillon, noodles, and the adhesive industry (dextrins); a demand equivalent of 1.15 million tons of fresh roots.

  5. INTRODUCTION • Cassava transformation agenda/presidential initiative on cassava (July, 2002 - 2015) - Expansion of cassava production, processing and marketing to meet domestic demand and make cassava a foreign exchange earner through its export (IITA, 2009). • Policy on mandatory substitution of 10 percent wheat flour with high quality cassava flour in the baking industry (United State Development Agency, 2012)

  6. Statement of the Problem • Despite the cassava transformation agenda, cassava processors are not efficient with the existing resource base and available technologies for addressing the food production problem in Nigeria. • Another argument is if value addition through processing of cassava improves returns on investment, to make HQCF processing profitable. • Existing evidence assumes that socio-economic factors are consistent with efficient production of output (Okoruwa, Ogundele and Oyewusi (2006), Akinseinde (2006) and Tella (2006). The arguments that socio-economic condition of processors may not be favorable enough to enable them have maximum output from inputs use.

  7. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to assess the constraints and opportunities for HQCF processing in 4 geo-political zones of Nigeria The specific objectives are to: • describe the socio-economics characteristics of HQCF processors • estimate the level of profitability in HQCF processing • identify the major constraints associated with HQCF processing • Ascertain the opportunities available for promoting HQCF processing

  8. Statement of Hypotheses • H01: There is no significant difference between the cost and returns in HQCF Processing in Nigeria. • H02:There is no significant difference in gross margin profit of the firm across the zones. • HO3:The identified constraints and opportunities do not significantly influence HQCF processing in Nigeria.

  9. METHODOLOGY The Study Area • The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located in the West Africa between Latitude 40to 140 North and between Longitude 20 2’ and 140 30’ East. • 4 geo-political zones – South west, South east, South south and North central

  10. Map of Nigeria

  11. Population and Sampling Procedure • The study population comprised medium scale processors of HQCF in Nigeria - about one hundred and fifty seven (131) (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, 2014) • The study employed purposive and multistage sampling techniques to select medium scale HQCF processors in the study area. • A sample proportion of 80 percent of medium scale HQCF processors was used to determine the sample size of the study.

  12. Sample selection and sample size Table 1: Sample Size Selection Source: Field Survey, 2015

  13. Data collection Techniques • This study will involve the collection of data from primary and secondary sources. • Questionnaire and in-depth interview

  14. Validation and Reliability of Instrument • The research instrument was validated by content validity index. • Reliability was determined using test-retest method

  15. Data Analysis Techniques • Descriptive statistics such as, frequency, percentages, and mean were employed to analyze the data. • Gross and net margins were used for profitability analyses and likert scale for measuring the intensity of constraints and opportunities. • The hypotheses were tested using t-test, ANOVA and Likert perception index respectively.

  16. Data Analysis Techniques Gross Margin Analysis GM = TR-TVC Where; GM= gross margin (Naira) TR = total revenue (N/ Output) TVC = total variable cost (N/ inputs) Net Margin = GM-TFC Where; TFC is the Total Fixed Cost

  17. Data Analysis Techniques Mean response (perception coefficient): X = ∑FiAi N Where X = mean response; Fi = number of respondents at a particular scale point • Ai = numerical value of the scale point: strongly agreed = 5 points with real limit of 4.5 – 5.0; agreed = 4 points with real limit of 3.5 – 4.49; undecided = 3 points with real limit of 2.5 – 3.5; disagreed = 2 points with real limit of 1.5 – 2.5; and strongly disagreed = 1 point with real limit of 0.5 – 1.5. Any constraint/opportunity with a mean score of above 3.5 is major. N = Total number of respondents to the items ∑ = Summation Percentage respondents: Mean Score X 100 Maximum scale Point

  18. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 (continued): Socio Economics Characteristics (N=101) Source: Data Analysis, 2015.

  19. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 (continued): Socio Economics Characteristics (N=101) Source: Data Analysis, 2015.

  20. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 3: Membership of Association Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  21. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 4: Business Structure Source: Data Analysis, 2015 Table 5: Training in Processing Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  22. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 6: Types of variety preferred Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  23. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 7: Gross Margin Profitability Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  24. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 8: T-Test showing significant difference in cost and returns of HQCF business in Nigeria *t-test significant at 1% level Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  25. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 9: ONEWAY ANOVA showing difference in firms’ profit across the zones (GrossMargin and Gross Margin_per_Ton) *,** F-test significant at 1% and 5% levels respectively Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  26. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 10: Analysis of multiple comparison of profit from each zone to the other *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  27. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 10 (Continued): Analysis of multiple comparison of profit from each zone to the other *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  28. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 11: Constraints Associated with High Quality Cassava Flour Processing Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  29. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 11 (Continued): Constraints Associated with High Quality Cassava Flour Processing Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  30. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 12: Opportunities available for High Quality Cassava Flour Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  31. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 12 (Continued): Opportunities available for High Quality Cassava Flour Source: Data Analysis, 2015

  32. CONCLUSIONS • The processors of HQCF in Nigeria could be characterized as male, about 52 years old, married with family size of about 6, with tertiary level education, skilled with about 7 years of experience, belong to professional association, of private limited or sole ownership or franchise business structure, but lacks credit for the enterprise. • These characteristics of processors might explain the present state of the HQCF industry in Nigeria.

  33. CONCLUSIONS • TMS 419 is most preferred for HQCF processing; and if made available could enhance HQCF processing. • HQCF processing is profitable, but the profits vary significantly across zones. • In spite of this, most processors are presently not processing while others produce to meet purchasing order of flour millers and master bakers. • A more conducive socio-economic environment that addresses existing constraints and opportunities in the sector might help sustain the profits and grow the sector.

  34. RECOMMENDATIONS • Preferred cassava varieties especially TMS 419 should be promoted among farmers, through rapid stem multiplication and extension services. • Loans should be provided to processors to improve their access to credit for expanded processing of HQCF;

  35. RECOMMENDATIONS • Awareness creation and skill development in the use of HQCF in the pharmaceutical industries, adhesive industries, bakery/confectionary industries, and in the local fabrication of equipment and technology in Nigeria; • Implementing policy that will aid marketing boards and market companies to oversee marketing and exportation of cassava products.

  36. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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