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妊 娠 生 理

妊 娠 生 理. 重庆医科大学第二临床学院 刘建. 妊 娠 受精 分娩 (fetus, placenta, and fetal membranes expelled from uterus). about 38 weeks ( 266d ). Three stages. First trimester ( 12w 末)

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妊 娠 生 理

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  1. 妊 娠 生 理 重庆医科大学第二临床学院 刘建

  2. 妊 娠 受精 分娩(fetus, placenta, and fetal membranes expelled from uterus) about 38 weeks (266d)

  3. Three stages • First trimester(12w末) • Second trimester(13~27w末) • Third trimester(28W )

  4. Chapter.1 受精、受精卵发育、输送与着床 • 受精 • 受精卵发育、输送 • 着床 • 发育成胚胎和胎儿

  5. 受 精 (generally in ampulla of oviduct) 精子 获能 24 h 顶体反应 受精 zygote

  6. zygote transportation and imbed cleavage zygote oviduct Uterus

  7. 2d After fertilization :8 cells • 3d After fertilization :16 cells (morula、early blastocyst) • 4d After fertilization :into uterus and develop to late blastocyst

  8. Imbed(受精后6~7日) 晚期胚囊透明带消失 合体滋养细胞分泌蛋白溶解酶,使接触的子宫内膜表面溶解,形成缺口 孕卵经此缺口埋入内膜中,缺口迅速修复

  9. Imbed • (apposition, adhesion, penetration) • 透明带消失 • 合体滋养细胞形成 • 囊胚发育与子宫内膜要同步 • 需足够的孕酮blastomere embryo trophoblast placenta

  10. 蜕膜形成(Deciduas) basal decidua capsular decidua true decidua

  11. 在左边沿扭曲的大子宫内膜腺体可以看到,蜕膜由许多浅红色细胞组成。胎盘通常植入子宫宫底部,被蜕膜子宫内膜支持在左边沿扭曲的大子宫内膜腺体可以看到,蜕膜由许多浅红色细胞组成。胎盘通常植入子宫宫底部,被蜕膜子宫内膜支持

  12. 图4-2 早孕子宫冠状面示意图

  13. Development of embryo and fetus • 受精卵:within 2 weeks • 胚胎:3~8 weeks after fertilization • 胎儿:exceed 8 weeks

  14. Character: • 8 weeks:ultrasonography eyes, ears, nose, mouth can be recognized,primal heart flicker • 16 weeks: gender, quickening • 20 weeks:auscultation fetal heart beat。

  15. 28 weeks:respiration。 • 36 weeks: able to cry , suck and survive • 40 weeks: fetus mature

  16. chapter.2   胎儿附属物的形成 • 胎盘 Placenta • 胎膜 Fetal membranes • 脐带 Umbilical cord • 羊水 Amniotic fluid

  17. 胎儿及附属物

  18. placenta 羊膜 叶状绒毛膜 底蜕膜

  19. Mode of placenta

  20. Placenta amniotic membrane chorion frondosum 初级绒毛 次级绒毛(2~3W) 三级绒毛(3 W末) 游离绒毛 固定绒毛 basal decidua

  21. 1. chorion frondosum (1) primary villus晚期胚囊着床后,滋养层细胞分裂增殖,表面呈毛状突起,有两层细胞: 内层:细胞滋养细胞(分裂生长) 外层:合体滋养细胞(执行功能) 滋养层内面还有一层细胞,称为胚外中胚层,与滋养层共同形成绒毛膜

  22. (2)secondary villus 胚胎发育至2~3周时,胚外中胚层长入绒毛干内,形成绒毛,也称为二级绒毛

  23. (3) third class villus 第 3 周末,绒毛内的间质分化出毛细血管。此时胎儿胎盘循环建立。由于细胞滋养细胞不断增殖、扩展,与合体滋养细胞共同形成绒毛膜干(stem villi),绒毛膜干之间的间隙称为绒毛间隙

  24. (4)anchoring villus: 与子宫底蜕膜接触的绒毛由于血供丰富而发育良好,形成叶状绒毛膜,深深侵蚀固定于子宫底蜕膜,固定绒毛使子宫血管破裂,血液流向绒毛间隙,母血以 500ml/min 的速度流入绒毛间隙(5) free villus:指漂浮于充满母血的绒毛间隙中的绒毛末端

  25. 2. basal decidua 相邻绒毛间隙之间残留契形底蜕膜突起形成胎盘隔,这种隔是不完全性的,不超过胎盘全层的2/3,使相邻绒毛间隙的母血可以互相流通3. amniotic membrane 胎盘的胎儿部分,光滑透明

  26. Mature placenta configuration

  27. Mature placenta configuration

  28. The function of placenta血管合体膜 vasculo-syncytial membrane,VSM 胎盘介于母体与胎儿之间,是维持胎儿宫内营养、发育的重要器官。母儿之间血流是不相通的,物质交换需经过VSM进行

  29. vasculo-syncytial membrane 合体滋养细胞 合体滋养细胞基底膜 绒毛间质 毛细血管基底膜 毛细血管内皮细胞

  30. 1.气体交换(O2、CO2) Simple diffusion:通过VSM扩散,不需气体分压的明显差别

  31. 2.营养作用Faciliated diffusion:葡萄糖(高→低) Active transport:氨基酸、维生素、电解质等(低→高) 胎盘产生的各种酶,能把结构复杂的物质分解为简单的物质,或把结构简单的物质合成糖原、蛋白质、胆固醇等,供应给胎儿

  32. 3.排泄作用 胎儿代谢废物,如尿素、尿酸、肌酐、肌酸等经胎盘送入母血排出

  33. 4.防御作用(不完全性) 小分子 placenta fetus 大分子 placenta fetus Antibody placenta fetus (获得免疫、母儿血型不和)

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