210 likes | 221 Vues
Science, Technology And Society, 1400 To Present. Dr Michael Bycroft and Dr James Poskett. Cartoon on Guardian website, Nov 10, 2013. The Economist , 21-27 Sep 2019. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi2d5. PERSPECTIVES. Intellectual - how do scientists think?
E N D
Science, Technology And Society, 1400 To Present Dr Michael Bycroft and Dr James Poskett
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi2d5https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi2d5
PERSPECTIVES • Intellectual - how do scientists think? • Social - what is the relationship between science and society? • Global - how has science in Europe developed in relationship with the rest of the world?
Why water is clearer than vapors? • Why does hot water first contract itself (viz., in cooling), and then dilate itself before and as it freezes? • Why does salt and snow freeze other water? Why is heated water sooner frozen than raw water? • Whether there be more vapors when air is clearest? How salt hinders corruption, but fresh water helps it. • Why, though salt be heavier, yet it will mix with water and gather into grains at the top of it? -- a list of questions from notebook of English scientist Isaac Newton, written down c. 1665
PERSPECTIVES • Intellectual - how do scientists think? • Social - what is the relationship between science and society? • Global - how has science in Europe developed in relationship with the rest of the world?
Royal Society (1660) Claws of M. jeffersonii(1799) Trofim Lysenko (1938)
Clémence Royer (1865) Glass-makers (1747)
Sociology of scientific knowledge • Causality: “concerned with the conditions which bring about belief or states of knowledge”. • Impartiality: “impartial with respect to truth and falsity, rationality and irrationality, success or failure.”. • Symmetry: “the same types of causes would explain, say, true and false beliefs”. • Reflexivity: “the patterns of explanation would have to be applicable to sociology itself”. David Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery (1976), p. 7
Shapin and Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump (1985) “Solutions to the problem of knowledge are solutions to the problem of social order.” Robert Boyle Thomas Hobbes Restoration Absolute Sovereign Experimentalism Mechanistic Induction Deduction
PERSPECTIVES • Intellectual - how do scientists think? • Social - what is the relationship between science and society? • Global - how has science in Europe developed in relationship with the rest of the world?
Map of the sources for Isaac Newton’s Principia (1687) Pen Ts'ao Kang Mu [Compendium of Materia Medica], sixteenth-century Chinese encyclopaedia consulted by Charles Darwin in 1856
Francis Williams (1745) Tu Youyou (2015)