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This study explores the distinctions between fast and slow intelligence by examining response times in cognitive tasks. Fast responses are linked to automatic, direct-link processing, while slow responses involve more controlled cognitive efforts. Through verbal analogy and matrix tests, the research analyzes person-specific and item-specific response patterns. Findings indicate that fast intelligence correlates more strongly and reliably differentiates between individuals. The implications suggest that fast and slow intelligences measure distinct cognitive abilities under varying time pressures.
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1. Introduction • A popular present-day approach is to look for pure measures of speed and power external to the test • Speed and power are different but positively correlated. • Slow responses are of a different nature than fast responses. • Fast responses are based on more automatic direct-link mediated processing while slow responses are based on repeating one's cognitive work and/or more controlled processing. • An interest in internal to the test
1.1 Fast and slow intelligence • Different processes? • Or different abilities? • Qualitative process differences can be inferred from the across-item pattern of difficulties, and qualitative ability differences from the across-person pattern of the latent trait values.
1.2 Aim of the study • Time-homogeneity vs. time heterogeneity • Processes • Abilities • Via two tasks: verbal analogy and matrices
1.3 Distinguishing between fast and slow responses • Within-person split • For each person, a fast and a slow subset of items is determined. • Within-item split • For each item, a fast and a slow subset of persons in determined.
2.2 Hypothesis testing • 3P&3I vs 2P&3I, 3P&2I, and 2P&2I • AIC & BIC • 3P&3I vs 3P&2I • LR test • 3P&3I vs 2P&3I • Mixture c2 test • When using the data derived from the within-item split…
2.3 Intelligence tests2.4 Data sets • Verbal analogies test • 726 persons & 34 items • Raven-like matrices test • 503 persons & 35 items
3.1 Description of the data • Response frequencies in two approaches • Persons may differ more in their response times than items do. • Cronbach alpha: Fast responses were more reliable than the slow responses.
3.3 Correlations and variances • Correlations between the two accuracy (q2 & q3) • Because the difficulties are fixed effects, no such correlations are available. • Estimated variances are larger for fast than slow
4. Discussion and conclusion • Fast and slow intelligence can be differentiated, and they are strongly correlated. • Fast responses differentiate better than slow responses between persons as well as items. • A somewhat different kind of ability is measured for respondents with primarily slow responses compared to the ability that is measured for respondents with primarily fast responses. • Given the higher variance of fast intelligence compared to slow intelligence, the ability of fast respondents is measured in a more reliable way than the ability of slow respondents. • Time pressure
