WASON CARD SORT: INTRODUCTION

1. WASON CARD SORT: INTRODUCTION Week 2 Practical

2. WASON CARD SORT WEEK 2 PRACTICAL LECTURE 1 PRACTICAL WEEK 1 NO LECTURE NO PRACTICAL WEEK 2 NONPARAMETRICS 1 1ST PRACTICAL WEEK 3 NONPARAMETRICS 2 1ST ANALYSIS IN SPSS WEEK 4 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 1ST ANALYSIS BY HAND WEEK 5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 2ND PRACTICAL WEEK 6 RELATED T-TEST 2ND ANALYSIS IN SPSS WEEK 7 2ND ANALYSIS BY HAND INDEPENDENT T-TEST WEEK 8 3RD PRACTICAL INDEPENDENT ANOVA WEEK 9 3RD ANALYSIS IN SPSS DEPENDENT ANOVA WEEK 10 NO LECTURE NO PRACTICAL

3. WASON CARD SORT WEEK 2 PRACTICAL BY THE END OF THE SESSION, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Perform various versions of the Wason Card Sorting task and appreciate the differences between them. Appreciate the way in which the study was carried out and the hypotheses the study is testing. Begin to explore the downloaded data set with respect to testing the experimental hypotheses using an appropriate test. Make a start on writing up your INTRODUCTION and METHOD sections for your lab report.

4. You will be assigned to condition 1 or 2. In each condition, you will have two problems to solve. After being given the appropriate stimuli, please wait for a tutor to tell you to begin. You will then be given a second 5 minutes to answer the second question, so think carefully again! You will have 5 minutes to answer the first question, so think carefully! WASON CARD SORT PROCEDURE

5. WASON CARD SORT EXPERIMENT

6. WASON CARD SORT CORRECT ANSWERS ABSTRACT A D 4 7 CONCRETE COKE BEER 19 17

7. WASON CARD SORT INTRODUCTION “IF A CARD HAS A VOWEL ON ONE SIDE, IT HAS AN EVEN NUMBER ON THE OTHER SIDE” A D 4 7 Everybody will have now completed the abstractversion of the Wason (1966) card sorting task. Most of you may not have done so well: • Participants may neglect to search for disconfirming evidence (maybe there is an E on the back of the number 7). b) Participants may pick an irrelevant card such as 4 because it matches the nature of the proposition (note: the proposition does not say that if there is an even number on one side, there must be a vowel on the other side). Failure at this task is usually meant to indicate how bad people are at deductive or logical reasoning.

8. WASON CARD SORT INTRODUCTION “IF A PERSON IS DRINKING BEER, THEN THEY MUST BE OVER 18” COKE BEER 19 17 Everybody will have now completed anotherversion of the Wason (1966) card sorting task. Most of you may have done a little better here. The above version is by Griggs & Cox (1983) who showed that performance is markedly improved when concrete examples are used. Cosmides (1989) argues however that the reason such examples are more successful is because the situations reflect social contracts…

9. WASON CARD SORT METHOD DESIGN So, half of the people in the room did the concrete first, half did the abstract. ABSTRACT CONCRETE CONCRETE ABSTRACT then then Research Questions Q1: Is performance better on some versions of the Wason card sorting task than others the first time it is performed? ABSTRACT CONCRETE CONCRETE ABSTRACT then then Q2: Is performance on the abstract task affected if it follows a concrete scenario? ABSTRACT CONCRETE CONCRETE ABSTRACT then then So, is this a within- or between-subjects design?

10. WASON CARD SORT METHOD PARTICIPANTS We will use data collected from last year. DOWNLOAD AND SAVE THE FILE ‘WASONRAWDATA.SAV’ So here is some demographic information that might be useful. 100 female, 80 male Age range: 18-45 years Mean: 22 years S.D.: 2.5 years

11. WASON CARD SORT RESULTS The third column shows whether the individual got their first problem right or wrong. The first column shows subject number. And yes, there are 180. 1 = RIGHT 2 = WRONG The second column shows which type of problem each individual solved first. The fourth column shows whether the individual got the abstract problem right or wrong. 1 = ABSTRACT 2 = CONCRETE 1 = RIGHT 2 = WRONG

12. WASON CARD SORT DATA TYPES Nominal “Name” E.g. Gender Ordinal “Order” E.g. Horse racing Ratio “Real zero” E.g. Height Interval “Imaginary zero” E.g. Temperature Note: You do not have to cover this in your lab report

13. WASON CARD SORT DISCUSSION GET TOGETHER IN GROUPS OF THREE OR FOUR AND REFLECT ON TODAY’S EXPERIENCE USING THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS What kind of statistical test might you use next week and why? Were there any problems in the way the experiment was carried out? How could you improve this? Do you foresee any problems in interpreting the data?

14. WASON CARD SORT NOTES FOR WRITE UP INTRODUCTION Like a funnel- all roads should lead to the rationale for the experiment. What were the previous studies that lead up to the current one? What were the important psychological concepts and / or distinctions? What was the outline of the current study and what were the hypotheses? METHOD Must be include enough detail for someone else to replicate the experiment. Standard structure: Participants / Materials / Design / Procedure. Refer the reader to appendices if including lengthy materials (hint hint). Avoid bullet points or lists because the method section is prose too.

15. WASON CARD SORT WEEK 2 PRACTICAL BY THE END OF THE SESSION, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Perform various versions of the Wason Card Sorting task and appreciate the differences between them. Appreciate the way in which the study was carried out and the hypotheses the study is testing. Begin to explore the downloaded data set with respect to testing the experimental hypotheses using an appropriate test. Make a start on writing up your INTRODUCTION and METHOD sections for your lab report.