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Earth

Earth. circumference 24,901 miles. radius 3957 miles. Earth. Earth: Then and Now. (4.6 Billion years ago). Differentiation : Process that led to Earth ’ s layers; Denser materials like Iron sank to the center, and lighter materials rose to the crust. Earth ’ s Interior.

phallon-caddell
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Earth

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  1. Earth

  2. circumference 24,901 miles radius 3957 miles Earth

  3. Earth: Then and Now • (4.6 Billion years ago) Differentiation: Process that led to Earth’s layers; Denser materials like Iron sank to the center, and lighter materials rose to the crust

  4. Earth’s Interior • 3 Compositional Zones • Crust • thin, outermost layer • varies in thickness • continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust • Mantle • middle layer • more dense than the crust • Core • central sphere • iron and nickel

  5. Earth’s Interior • 5 Structural Zones • Lithosphere • crust and upper mantle • rigid layer • Asthenosphere • less rigid layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere • ‘plastic’ means that it flows very slowly • Mesosphere • Lowest part of the mantle • solid rock • Outer Core • liquid • Inner Core • - solid

  6. How do we know anything about the interior of Earth?

  7. Kola Superdeep Borehole (1970-1989) 12,261m 180° C How deep can we drill into Earth?

  8. CAT Scan

  9. Using Seismology: Earthquakes generate waves that travel through Earth and are recorded on the surface.

  10. Exploring Deep Earth Seismology, Gravity, Geomagnetism (real life) Seismometer

  11. Continental Drift: The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations Scientist: Alfred Wegener 1912

  12. 15 major plates (and many smaller ones)

  13. Pangea Supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up beginning 250 million years ago

  14. Evidence for Continental Drift • 1. Fossil Evidence • Found small extinct land reptile fossils on both South America and Africa continent which had lived 270 million years ago. • 2. Rock Formations • The ages and types of rocks in the coastal regions of widely separated areas matched closely.

  15. Identical fossils match up on different continents

  16. Rocks and mountain formations match where continents used to meet

  17. Evidence for Continental Drift • 3. Climatic Evidence • Geologists have found glacier debris in Africa and South America suggesting they were once in a colder region. Plant fossils from the tropics at the poles. • 4. Shape of the Continents • The Shape of the continents fit together like a puzzle such as South America and Africa.

  18. Several continents show evidence of having glaciers in the past

  19. 1858 Map – Continents fit together

  20. Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics is the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape.

  21. How do they move around the planet?

  22. Convection Convection is the movement of heated material due to differences in density that are caused by differences in temperatures

  23. Convection in everyday life

  24. link

  25. Evidence for plate tectonics

  26. Locations of earthquakes

  27. Locations of volcanoes

  28. Mid-Ocean Ridges (MOR) Oceanic crust was formed more recently than almost all continental crust, and the youngest of all crust is at the MORs.

  29. Seafloor spreading: New oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises to Earth’s surface and solidifies at a mid-ocean ridge

  30. Magnetic reversals and magnetic symmetry: Earth’s magnetic field has flipped direction in the past, meaning that sometimes magnetic North is towards Earth’s North Pole and sometimes magnetic North is towards Earth’s South Pole.

  31. Newly formed ocean crust gets magnetized Makes ‘Stripes’ of Normal and Reverse Polarity ‘Stripes’ symmetrical around mid-ocean ridge

  32. North Geographic Pole: the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth’s spin axis meets the Earth’s surface North Geomagnetic Pole: the point in the northern hemisphere today where the pole of an imaginary bar magnet producing Earth’s field meets Earth’s surface

  33. North Geographic Pole: top of Earth North Geomagnetic Pole: where your compass points

  34. Rocks with iron in them got magnetized by Earth’s field! Paleomagnetism: studying magnetization of old rocks

  35. Earth’s field sometimes flips (Reverses)

  36. Types of plate boundaries

  37. Divergent Boundaries • Divergent boundaries occur when plate are rifted, or split, apart and begin to move apart. • Creates large sections of oceanic crust. • Crust is created in this type of boundaries.

  38. Off the coast of Central America

  39. Convergent Boundaries • Convergent means to converge, or bring together. • Plate boundaries in which one plate (Oceanic) is pushed down under another (Continental) plate. • Oceanic crust is destroyed at this type of boundary.

  40. Off the coast of Chile

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