Semester Exam

1. Semester Exam Study Guide Key

2. Terms • Carbohydrates: a class of nutrients that includes sugars and starches • Cholesterol: waxy, fat-like substance found in the cells of animals • Fiber: a type of complex carbohydrate that is not broken down nor absorbed into the bloodstream • Homeostasis: maintaining a steady state in the body • Metabolism: the chemical process by which the body breaks down food to release energy • Calories: amount of energy released when nutrients are burned • Anemia: a condition in which there are too few red blood cells or too little hemoglobin in the blood, usually due to a lack of iron • High blood pressure: blood pressure that is consistently above normal, blood force too strong against the walls of the arteries • Capillaries: smallest blood vessels in the body • Systolic pressure: the first and higher blood pressure number representing the force caused by the surge of blood that moves as a result of the contraction of the ventricles • Diastolic pressure: the second and lower blood pressure number, representing the force recorded when the ventricles are relaxed • Platelets: pieces of cells that start the blood clotting process • Lungs: elastic, spongy organs through which the body absorbs oxygen • Arteries: thick-walled, elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart • Diaphragm: the main muscle involved in breathing

3. Terms • NREM sleep:type of sleep characterized by very little eye movement and deepest relaxation • Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep • Sleep apnea: interruption in breathing while asleep • Narcolepsy : falling asleep suddenly without warning • Endorphins: neurotransmitters released from the brain that give a sense of pleasure • Veins: blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart • Muscular endurance: the number of times you can lift a weight • Muscular strength: how much weight you can lift • Cardiorespiratory endurance: ability of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to distribute nutrients and oxygen and remove wastes • Isotonic: contraction and relaxation of muscles through the full range of motion • Isokinetic : exercises that use special weight-training machines • Isometric: muscles contract without much body movement • Anaerobic: quick activity that uses oxygen faster than the body can replenish • Flexibility: the ability to bend, stretch, and twist joints easily • Aerobic: non-stop repetitive strenuous exercises, that last at least 20 minutes

4. Chapter 1 “Making Healthy Choices” • What is social health? What does it mean to be socially healthy? • Social health refers to how well you get along with others. • When you are socially healthy you have: • Loving relationships • Respect the rights of others • Accept help

5. What is heredity and how does it influence our lives? • Heredity is all the traits that are passed biologically from parent to child. • Eye color, height, and build • Disorders, disability • Muscular dystrophy • High blood pressure, breast cancer, diabetes • Most hereditary risk factors need not prevent people from enjoying a high quality of life if people make the right choices.

6. How does choosing friends who share your values help maintain good social health? • People who share your values will encourage you to be true to yourself and make smart choices that will keep you healthy and limit risk factors. • Do all behavioral risks pose an immediate threat to your physical safety? Why or why not? • NO! Some health risks build over time. • Fast-food diet.

7. Chapter 12 “Food and Nutrition” • What does “nutrient dense” mean? • The proportion of nutrients in a food compared to the number of calories • Milk = nutrient dense Soda = NOT • Is it true that, if you eat more calories than you burn, you will gain weight? • YES!

8. What does obesity mean? • The condition that occurs when a person’s weight is 20 percent or more above an appropriate weight. • What diseases are associated with obesity? • Type 2 diabetes • Some cancers • Heart disease • What daily choices can lead to obesity? • Eating fast-food (high fat high salt diet) • Having a non-active lifestyle (being sedentary) • Having low muscle mass

9. Do plants and animals provide us with vitamins? • Yes! Vitamins are nutrients that are made by living things. Both plants and animals are living things. • Fat-soluble vitamins: • A, D, E, K • Water-soluble vitamins: • B’s, Folate, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, C

10. What is glycogen and where is it stored in the body? • Glycogen is a type of starch stored in the body; it can be converted to or from glucose. It is stored in the muscles and the liver. • What does dehydration mean? • A serious reduction of the body’s water content. • What do the daily values on a food label recommend? • Amounts of specific nutrients you should consume daily.

11. A lack of the mineral calcium in the diet can lead to what condition. • Osteoporosis • What are some ways to prevent high blood pressure? • Low salt, low fat diet with plenty of exercise and low stress. • Which mineral must be reduced in the diet when someone has high blood pressure. • Sodium (salt) • Which mineral is responsible for the connection of oxygen and hemoglobin? • Iron

12. List the six nutrients, and identify which provide the body with energy. • Protein – provides energy • Carbohydrates – provides energy • Fats – provides energy • Water • Vitamins • Minerals

13. Describe what essential amino acids are • The nine amino acids that the body cannot manufacture. • Your body manufactures the rest (11) • Body composition is the ratio of body fat to… • …lean tissue, such as muscle and bone. • What is the main function of protein? • Growth and repair of your body’s tissues.

14. Ch16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory systems • What are the alveoli and what is their function? • Tiny sacs which are located at the end of the bronchioles. • Oxygen in the air passes through the thin wall of the alveoli into the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide moves in the reverse direction—it passes out of the bloodstream and into the air in the alveoli. When you breathe out, or exhale, you get rid of this carbon dioxide.

15. Which blood cells are responsible for fighting infection? • White blood cells. • What are the main functions of the red blood cells? • To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the parts of your body • Where does the large artery, the aorta, transport blood? • Out of the heart to the rest of the body

16. What does the epiglottis and what does it do? • A flap of cartilage that folds down to close off the entrance to the larynx and the trachea when you swallow. • What is the average blood pressure for a healthy young adult? • 120/80 • Where is the pacemaker found? What does it regulate? • Right atrium / heart rate, beat

17. What is plasma mostly made up of? • Water • What is the term that designates the pathway of blood from the heart to most of the body and then back to the heart? • Systemic circulation • What is the term that designates the pathway of blood from the lungs to the heart and then back to the lungs? • Pulmonary circulation • To show the pathway of air into the lungs, put the following in order. • Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

18. Ch17 Exercise Rest and Recreation • Does muscle tissue weigh less than body fat? • NO, muscle tissue weighs more. • Name the four components of fitness • Cardiorespiratory endurance • muscular strength and endurance • Flexibility • body composition

19. What are the factors used to determine someone’s BMI? • Height and weight • What does BMI determine? • Whether your weight is within a healthy range. • Does blood pressure increase when a person exercises? • Yes • How often should a person exercise to maximize the cardiorespiratory benefits of aerobic workouts? • Three or more times a week.

20. What is circadian rhythm? • The 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness • What happens to your body when you exercise? • Blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature all increase. • What are endorphins? • Chemicals produced in your brain that give you a sense of pleasure.

21. Chapter 19 Alcohol • What is the age limit for buying, possessing or drinking alcohol? • 21 • What is intoxication? • The negative effects alcohol has on a person’s body and behavior • Who becomes intoxicated faster, men or women? • Women

22. What organ is responsible for breaking down alcohol? • The liver • What is the condition called in which the liver tissue is replaced with useless scar tissue? • Cirrhosis • List the factors that influence the level of intoxication or BAC in a person • Gender • Age • Weight • height, • amount of food in the stomach • concentration of alcohol in beverages consumed • volume of alcohol consumed • rate of consumption and absorption

23. What does BAC measure? • The amount of ethanol in a person’s blood • What amount of alcohol is safe to consume when pregnant? • NO AMOUNT!

24. Ch20 Tobacco • How are children of smokers affected? • They are more likely to suffer from asthma than children of nonsmokers. • Which tobacco related disease destroys the tiny air sacs in the lungs, making breathing extremely difficult. • Emphysema

25. What is the addictive drug in cigarettes called? • Nicotine • What is sidestream smoke? • Goes directly into the air from burning tobacco.

26. When Carbon monoxide is inhaled, it takes the place of or displaces, large amounts of what from hemoglobin? • Oxygen • List a few symptoms of nicotine withdrawal • Clammy skin • Nausea • Head ache

27. Do people who use smokeless tobacco (chew) have fewer health risks than cigarette smokers? _No___________ • Can they get tobacco related cancers? ______Yes________Can they become addicted to nicotine? __Yes__________ • Is it easier for them to quit than smokers? _____No_______

28. If a pregnant woman smokes, what happens to the baby? Nicotine passes through the placenta , therefore baby can be effected the same as the mother. • What are the pre-cancerous oral lesions caused by smokeless tobacco called? Leukoplakia • What is atherosclerosis and can it be caused by tobacco use? Plaque build up on the walls of the arteries, normally leading to the heart, but can include other arteries as well. Nicotine increase LDL production, therefore, plaque builds up on the walls of the arteries causing blockage • What is the dark, sticky fluid produced when tobacco burns called? • Tar

29. Chapter 21 “Preventing Drug Abuse”: • Is it true that illegal drug use can lead to overdose, contraction of diseases, and have a huge impact on the user’s family? • Yes • Describe the differences between stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. • Stimulants- speed up the CNS • Depressants- slow down the CNS • Hallucinogens- mood-altering drug

30. Chapter 23 “Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Infections: • Could gonorrhea lead to infertility? • Yes, PID(pelvic inflammatory disease • List the three stages of syphilis and their symptoms. • Primary- chancroid/ulcer usually one at point of contact • Secondary- systemic rash- stomach/palms hands and soles feet • Latent- no cure/ has entered brain/death • Which stage cannot be cured or treated? • Latent Stage • If a person has HIV can they infect another person even if they don't have symptoms? Yes • Which types of infections CANNOT be treated with antibiotics? Viral • What is the only method that is 100 percent effective in preventing STIs? Abstinence • Are condoms 100 percent effective in preventing AIDS and other STIs? No

31. What does HPV stand for? Human Papillomma Virus • Can it cause cancer? Yes, usually cervical, but also throat. • What are the symptoms of gonorrhea and Chlamydia for males? Clear or white Urethral discharge, burning when urinating, many do not have any symptoms. • Can a mother who is infected with genital herpes infect her baby at the time of delivery? Yes • What is another name for HSV? Herpes Simplex Virus or Genital Herpes • Can Genital Herpes spread when blisters are not present? Yes • What is the most common bacterial STI in the United States? Chlamydia • Do the consequences of STIs ALWAYS include infertility? No • Which high risk behaviors increase the chances of contracting HIV? multiple sexual partners IV drug use prostitution

32. How is HIV transmitted? Blood, semen, vaginal secretions • Are all STIs preventable? Yes • Are most STIs curable if caught in their early stages? • Do ALL STIs produce recognizable symptoms? No • List the STIs that are caused by bacteria. Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydia • List the STIs that are caused by a virus. HPV, HSV, HIV • After the symptoms are treated, does HPV (human papilloma virus) stay in the body? Yes • Is it true that common sources or STI infections are restaurants, insect bites and toilets? No • What is the organism that causes AIDS? Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Which cells does HIV attack? White Blood Cells

33. Target Heart Rate Determine the target heart rate range for someone who is 31 years old and has a resting heart rate of 70bpm. This person wants to train in the recovery zone (60% -70%) FORMULA: 220-age = maximum heart rate Maximum heart rate – resting heart rate =heart rate reserve. (heart rate reserve x training %) + resting heart rate = • 220-31 = 189 • 189 – 70 = 119 • (119 x .60) = 71.4 + 70 = 141.4 • 220-31 = 189 • 189 – 70 = 119 • (119 x .70) = 83.3+ 70 = 153.3

34. Minimum Training Heart Rate = • 141.1bpm • Maximum Training Heart Rate = • 153.3bpm • Training Range = • 141.1bpm - 153.3bpm

35. BMI • Determine the BMI of a person who weighs 130lbs. And is 5’ 4’’ tall. FORMULA: BMI = (weight / height² ) x 703 130/ 64² = 130 130/ 4096 = o.o31738281 o.o31738281 x 703 = BMI = 22.3 • What is their Weight Status? • Weight Status = Normal