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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Concepts in Biology. 1.1 DNA, Energy, & Life. Alive or Not Alive?. Alive or Not Alive?. Alive or Not Alive?. Alive or Not Alive?. What does it mean to be alive?. What do kittens, puppies, trees, snakes, birds, mushrooms, seaweed and jellyfish all have in common?

philip-obrien
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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Concepts in Biology

  2. 1.1 DNA, Energy, & Life

  3. Alive or Not Alive?

  4. Alive or Not Alive?

  5. Alive or Not Alive?

  6. Alive or Not Alive?

  7. What does it mean to be alive? • What do kittens, puppies, trees, snakes, birds, mushrooms, seaweed and jellyfish all have in common? • Write down at least 5 things all these organisms have in common:

  8. Is fire alive? • It can grow • It can spread and start other fires (reproduction) • It consumes and releases energy. • Is fire organic or inorganic?

  9. Common Molecules • Living things are made up of a certain subset of molecules: • Nucleic acids (DNA) • Proteins (Function) • Carbohydrates (Energy Storage) • Lipids (Long-term Energy Storage)

  10. *7 Characteristics of all living things: • All living things share common properties • Order (Cells)—the complex organization of living things • Reproduction—ability of an organism to create a new living thing while passing on its genetic material • Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by DNA • Energy processing—acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organism • Response & Adaptation—an ability to maintain an internal environment consistent with life, and respond to external environmental factors

  11. *7Characteristics of all living things continued: • All living things share common properties • Regulation-an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life • Evolutionary Adaptation- adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring

  12. All organisms are made up of cells: • All organisms are made up of cells. • Within cells is the genetic material that controls the function of the cell. • Genetic material is in the form of nucleic acid.

  13. DNA • Through codes in the nucleic acids, cells can construct proteins from building blocks known as amino acids. • These proteins vary greatly and can do a number of different functions for the organism. • One of the most important among them, is reproduction

  14. DNA and Inheritance • Inheritance • Acquisition of traits by way of transmission of DNA from parent to offspring • Reproduction • Mechanism by which an organism produces offspring • Governed by instructions in DNA

  15. Reproduction • DNA holds the codes to construct organisms. However, that information must be passed down to the next generation. • Since organisms can only come from other organisms, then the genetic material modern organisms have must have come from the previous generation.

  16. Reproduction • In order for biogenesis to occur, living things must be able to generate new living things. • Reproduction is the process by which new living things are formed.

  17. Reproduction • Reproduction involves the creation of new cells which may be… • part of an existing organism (our skin cells are constantly reproducing) • part of a new organism (a mother’s egg cells when fertilized begin to divide (reproduce) and become a new organism) • or an entirely new, independent unicellular organism (single-celled bacteria reproduce an create new single-celled bacteria)

  18. Reproduction • Reproduction results in either an exact duplicate of the parent organism or cell, or • in duplication with variation Why is it important for organisms to reproduce?

  19. Growth & Development • All living things grow and/or develop. • Growth is to increase in size • Development is a change in shape or form. • Both are governed by DNA

  20. Growth & Development Varies • Even within the same species, growth varies. • Different species develop in different ways.

  21. Energy • Using a scale of 1-10, describe how much energy it would take to do the following: • Sit here and listen to me • Stand up and sing • Go surfing on a calm day • Push a self propelled lawn mower for a ½ mile. • Push a minivan in neutral for a ½ mile • Run a marathon

  22. Energy • So what do you think energy is?

  23. Energy • Energy is defined as the capacity to do work

  24. Energy • Name some ways organisms use energy. • Energy comes in many forms including light, sound, chemical… • Different types of energy are used by organisms in different ways. Humans use light energy to see, while many plants use it to produce food from carbon dioxide and water. • Some organisms take in chemical energy as food and use it for daily activities and life processes, (such as growing).

  25. Response & Adaptation

  26. Response & Adaptation • Name different ways your body responds to extreme heat, cold, brightness, darkness, large charging animals, greenheads?

  27. Response & Adaptation • All living things, in one way or another, respond to their environment. • Plants for instance often will grow towards a light source in a process called phototropism.

  28. Review • Name the 7 characteristics common for all living things. Give a brief example or explanation of why each is necessary for life to exist.

  29. Response & Adaptation • Other examples include • Birds migrating due to seasonal changes • Seeds sprouting in presence of water (while some others sprout after a fire)

  30. Response & Adaptation • Adaptationsare ways that an entire population can respond to long-term changes in their environment. They are passed down from generation to generation.

  31. Response & Adaptation • Organisms have unique adaptations that enable them to survive where others cannot. For instance, a brown bear would not likely last in the same habitat as a polar bear. • Some creatures can endure frozen temperatures while some organisms can survive in the boiling conditions of the oceans thermal vents.

  32. Response to the environment Maintaining stability Evolutionary Adaptation

  33. Outlining • Section Heading • Main Idea/Theme • Supporting ideas/details • More specifics/examples • examples

  34. Cornell Style • Supporting information and details about the main idea • Supporting information and details about the main idea Main Idea 1 Main Idea 2 Section Summary of the information on this page

  35. 1.2 Energy & Life’s OrganizationStarting with the broadest, most inclusive level of organization, and ending with the most specific, list the levels of organization of life and provide examples when possible. • Biosphere • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • Atom

  36. Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican Spinal cord Organ system Nervous system Brain Organ Brain Nerve Tissue Nervous tissue Atom Cell Nerve cell Nucleus Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA

  37. Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican

  38. Organism Brown pelican Spinal cord Organ system Nervous system Brain Organ Brain Nerve Tissue Nervous tissue Atom Cell Nerve cell Nucleus Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA

  39. The upper tier is a global perspective of life • Biosphere—all the environments on Earth that support life • Ecosystem—all the organismsand abiotic factors living in a particular area • Community—the array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem • Population—all the individuals of a species within a specific area

  40. Populations are made up of similar individual organisms, or an individual living thing, which is composed of • Organsystems—have specific functions; are composed of organs • Organs—provide specific functions for the organism • Tissues—made of groups of similarcells

  41. Lifeemerges at the level of the cell, the lower tier, which is composed of • Cells—living entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane • Organelles—membrane-boundstructures with specific functions • Molecules—clusters of atoms • Atoms-smallest units of matter

  42. Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy

  43. Life requires interactions between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components • Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called producers • Others eatplants (or animals that profit from plants) and are called consumers • The nonlivingcomponents (abiotic) are chemicalnutrients required for life

  44. To be successful, an ecosystem must accomplish two things • Recycle chemicals necessary for life • Move energy through the ecosystem • How do you think energy enters an ecosystem? How does it leave? • Energy enters as light and exits as heat

  45. energy input, from sun Producers (plants, and other self-feeding organisms) NutrientCycling Consumers Animals, most fungi, many protists, manybacteria energy output (mainly metabolic heat) Fig. 1.3, p.6

  46. Sunlight Ecosystem Producers (such as plants) Cycling of chemical nutrients Heat Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals) Heat

  47. Review • What characteristics do all organisms share? • Are all organisms the same? • Starting with molecules, name each level of life by increasing size.

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