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Breast Cancer. Jordan Liz Donte Bland Mentor: Dr. Thomas Brennan Co-Mentor: Mrs. Joan McMahon Bronx Community College Hartwick College Murry Bergtraum High School. Anatomy Of A Breast.
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Breast Cancer Jordan Liz Donte Bland Mentor: Dr. Thomas Brennan Co-Mentor: Mrs. Joan McMahon Bronx Community College Hartwick College Murry Bergtraum High School
Anatomy Of A Breast • Breast profile:A DuctsB LobulesC Dilated section of duct to hold milkD NippleE FatF Pectoralis major muscleG Chest wall/rib cage • EnlargementA Normal duct cellsB Basement membraneC Lumen (center of duct)
What Is Breast Cancer? • Cancer is caused when the body’s natural regulators do not work properly; this causes cells to live longer than normal. Eventually, this results in cell growth exceeding cell death. Those cells continue to divide without normal control and make a mass of extra tissue, or a tumor. If the tumor is benign, then it is not cancerous; however, if it becomes malignant then the person has cancer. When this occurs within the breast, it causes breast cancer.
Symptoms • Presence of lump or area that feels significantly different from the surrounding tissue • Change in size of breast • Change in skin over breast, such as dimpling • Redness of the skin over the breast • Liquid discharging from nipple (usually blood), but not milk • Breast pain or discomfort • Swelling of arm(s) • Weight loss
Risk Factors • Age (People over 50 years old are more likely to develop breast cancers) • Gender (Women are much more likely to develop breast cancer) • Family History (Higher risk of breast cancer if a close relative had it) • Genetics (Certain gene defects can increase chance of acquiring breast cancer up to 80%) • Menstrual Cycle (Women who get their periods early, before age of 12, or went through menopause late, after age of 55, are at a greater risk)
Statistics (Cont’d) • For women in the US, breast cancer is the second deadliest type of cancer (after lung cancer) • There are about 2.5 million women in the US who have survived breast cancer • 90% of cancers are due to genetic defects, not heredity factors
Bioinformatics • Bioinformatics is a field of science that combines elements of biology, computer science and information technology into one discipline. • It involves analyzing and interpreting biological data to create molecular modeling, discover genes, assign function(s) to genes, and establish relationship between genes and proteins.
Breast Cancer Encoding Genes and Proteins • The two genes responsible for breast cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2 if a mutation occurs in both of them. • Two proteins that interact with breast cancer, such as HER2 and HER4.
BRCA1 Chromosome 17Location: 17q21 • Stands for Breast Cancer 1, early onset • Its purpose is to suppress cell growth, aid in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and control and overall stability to genetic information. • Mutations in this gene can lead to breast, ovarian, prostate and other types of cancer. • Mutations to the gene can be caused by natural or medical radiations, environmental exposures, or while interacting with other chromosomes.
BRCA2 Chromosome 13 Location: 13q12.3 • Stands for Breast Cancer 2, early onset • Its serves the same function as BRCA1 and a mutation in this gene increases one’s risk at acquiring certain types of cancers. • It is important to note that breast cancer occurs when a mutation in both genes occurs, however, if one gene mutates the other has a greater chance of mutating as well.
Breast Cancer (BRCA) Gene Test • Uses a blood sample to identify whether BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 has been mutated. • Administered only to women who at a very high risk of attaining breast cancer. • Determines whether or not the patient is a carrier for the mutation and their own estimated risk level for getting breast cancer, or if they are safe.
HER2 • Stands for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 • Helps control cell growth, divide and reparation • If the protein is over-expressed, then a patient can acquire a type of breast cancer known as HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer • The over-expression causes cancer cells to grow and spread more quickly. • Patients with HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer have a more aggressive disease and has a greater rate of recurrence than a HER-2 Negative Breast Cancer
HER4 • Stands for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-4 • It serves the same function as HER2 • HER4 has been linked with positive and negative effects on breast cancer • Some research claims that HER4 has been able to suppress the mutation caused by BRCA1 and BRCA2 • Other studies claim that HER4 makes the breast cancer more severe, but not as aggressive as HER2 makes it.
Procedure for BLAST • Go to the National Center for Biotechnology Information website, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov • Search for the gene that you wish to BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) • Afterwards, go to “Nucleotide,” there you will the nucleotide sequenced • Copy the sequence (you will need it shortly) • Go the NCBI homepage and click on BLAST on the top of the screen • Select Nucleotide BLAST • Paste the sequence that you copied earlier and perform the BLAST • The process could take anywhere from a few seconds to a couple of minutes, depending on the sequence.
Reasons for BLAST • BLAST, or Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, enables researchers to compare gene sequences of one animal against those of a different organism to determine their similarity.
BLAST Results for BRCA1(Homo Sapiens) • Equus Caballus (horse) • Pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee)
BLAST Results for BRCA1 Cont’d • Bos taurus (cattle) • Sus scrofa (pig)
Scientific Implications • Studying these genes can lead to the discovery of the cause of their mutation and hopefully a means to reverse or diminish the mutation. • Also, further research may result in conclusive data concerning HER4’s effect to breast cancer. • In the past, scientists have studied breast cancers in mice and were able to cure it, however, the same techniques had no effect on human breast cancer.
Treatment • There is no cure for breast cancer. • Breast cancer treatment include: • Chemotherapy (w/ stem cell transplant) • Radiation therapy • Hormone therapy • Medication • Tykerb • Herceptin • Avastin • Surgery • Total mastectomy • Modified radical mastectomy • Radical mastectomy
Conclusion • Breast cancer is an incurable cancer that affects thousands of Americans each year. • It has no cure, but scientist have been able to cure it in other animals. • New bioinformatics tools can lead to discovery of cure or more effective treatment.
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Acknowledgments • Mentor: Thomas Brennan • Co-Mentor: Joan McMahon • Eric Konadu • Bronx Community College • National Science Foundation • Harlem Children Society • Dr. Sat Bhattacharya • HCS Staff • Rockefeller University • All of you for listening