Presentation Transcript

1. Exam tips Pen (spare) Pencil Sharpener / rubber Spellings Environment Volcano / Volcanoes Erosion Desert Deciduous Antarctic Don’t forget Look out for questions without lines to write – you may have to draw on maps /graphs! Examiners cannot take marks off you – always answer every question!!
2. GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 UNIT 2 Population Change Changing Urban Environments Tourism Restless Earth Living World Water On the Land
3. Human Geography UNIT 2 Population Change Changing Urban Environments Tourism
4. Demographic Transition Model You m ay need to draw stage 5 – remember Birth rate falls below Death rate
5. Population Change J Curve S Curve Keywords: Birth rate Death rate Natural change / natural increase Population Growth rate
6. Factors affecting population change Changes to farming Mechanisation Children are no longer needed as machinery can be used on farms Education and Women Emancipation Women have a voice and wish to have a career not large family Urbanisation As more people live in cities fewer children are needed for farm work and therefore people have smaller families
7. Population Pyramids Youthful Ageing
8. Consequences Slower natural increase More only children Little emperor syndrome Antisocial behaviour Male dominated population Difficult to find partner Sustainable population policyBirth Control PolicyChina One Child Policy 1979 / 1980 onwards Couples who had one child received financial rewards Those who had more than one child were fined Reports of forced abortions and sterilisations Granny police – older members reported those breaking the rule. Since the 1990s Young couples who are both only children can have two children (help elderly) Change of attitude towards girls. Some can now afford to have more than one child and break the rules If the first child is a girl then couples are allowed a second Sex determination scans banned in 1994
9. Non-Birth Control PolicyGambia Non-birth Control Policy means people are educated not forced to reduce the number of children they have Challenges Strategies NGO (Charity) ‘Futures’ distributed condoms to villages on motorbikes. Mobile pharmacy visiting remote rural areas. Female chat shows to discuss contraception Vaccinations for children against whooping cough etc School split day Family planning discussed Backed by religious leaders Educate boys and girls to abstain from sex Healthcare for women to space births Too many young people Religious beliefs Multiple wives Lack of education Poor health care for children School has too many students 2 toilets for 2000 students Running out of resources
10. Ageing population Graph Skills The sections show the percentages of each group which (its like a pie chart in a line!)
11. Ageing Population (East Devon, UK and France) Solutions FRANCE PRONATALIST POLICY
12. Rural to Urban Migration Push Factors Pull Factors Draw people towards the place they move to (Urban) Move people away from the place they live (rural)
13. Polish Migration Source / origin (Poland) Host / Destination (UK)
14. Refugee movements Afghan Refugees Afghanistan had an estimated population of 28 million 3 million refugees Difficult life, drought, poverty, corruption. The Jungle – area of wasteland on the edge of Calais Entrance to channel tunnel August 2009 700-800 afghans living there (trying to get to the UK) Wanted to get to England because it is ‘good and safe’ 22nd December 2009 the remaining migrants were arrested. 24 hours later the settlement was bulldozed Many released so returned and attempted to try and get into the UK again. Asylum Seeker – seeking asylum Refugee – granted asylum Economic Asylum Seeker – claiming to need protection but actually moving for economic benefits.
15. Changing Urban Environments
16. Causes of Urbanisation Urbanisation (increase in the number of people living in cities) 2 Reasons for urbanisation: Rural to urban migration High levels of natural increase
17. Land use CBD Inner City Inner Suburbs Outer Suburbs Rural Urban Fringe Greenbelt
18. UDC ‘Urban Development Corporation’ Use public and private money to complete large scale projects e.g. GEAR Glasgow Eastern Area Regeneration Issues and solutions for people living in urban areas in richer parts of the world
19. Strategies aimed at supporting the multicultural mix Multicultural Mix Print information in a number of languages Translators in doctors/hospitals/schools Different cultural leaders involved in community discussions Community workers in mosques and schools Create services to meet specific needs (private swimming for muslim ladies) Initiatives to support basic skill devlopment Segregation: when people choose to live away from people with different culture and/or ethnicity Reasons: Support each other Familiar culture Specialist facilities Safety in numbers Employment factors
20. Easier to get planning permission as councils want these sites used Greenfield Vs Brown field Advantages of building on greenfield sites Advantages of building on Brownfield sites Satisfying the housing demand – where to build? Some shops and business parks on outskirts so plots can be larger No restrictions of existing road network Sites in cities are not left derelict and/or empty New sites do not need cleaning so can be cheaper to prepare Roads already exist Cuts commuting Pleasant countryside environment may appeal to potential home owners Utilities such as water and electricity are already provided More space for gardens Near to facilities in town centres
21. Inner City Problems Solutions: GEAR – Glasgow Easter Area Regeneration Gorbals / Glasgow harbour and docks
22. CDB (City Centre Regeneration) Glasgow UDC Urban Development Corporation Rebranding – culture and arts (made Glasgow a place to visit) Burrell Arts Centre 24 hour city (lights on building and bridges) Buccannon street – new shopping area Transport (as in table above) Titan Crane etc (USP – Unique selling point) CCTV Open Space
23. Issues of rapid Urbanisation
24. Problems of rapid urbanisationCairo, Egypt Waste – recycle more Air/water pollution – eating away monuments/pyramids
25. Issues of living in a Squatter SettlementSao Paulo, Brazil Squatter settlement Areas of cities (usually on the outskirts) that are build by people using materials and on land that doesn’t belong to them. Informal Sector The part of the economy where jobs are created by people to try and get an income and is not recognised in official figures e.g. mending bicycles, shoe shining). Living Conditions Poor education * Build out of recycled materials * No running water Illegal power supply * Drug crime and Prostitution * Gangs / guns No waste drainage Roads to narrow for waste collection Dangerous buildings (some very flammable)
26. Paradise City Paraisopolis ASH – Assisted Self Help Site and Service Education/schools Must link to how this improved peoples lives.
27. Sustainable Urban Living Bedzed, Greater London You must be able to describe the strategy and link this to why this is sustainable living
28. Tourism
29. Tourism - Growth Reasons for increase/growth 1) Social and economic factors increase in disposable income since 1950 People have fewer children Car ownership has grown People have more leisure time 2) Improved technology Travel is quick and easy (motorway, airport expansion and faster jet aircraft) Flying cheaper and booking online 3) Expansion of holiday choice Growth of National Parks Cheap package holidays to mainland Spain New destinations all over the world Ecotourism and unusual destinations such as Antarctica are expanding rapidly.
30. Uses of cities, mountains and coasts Interpret photographs to describe how the physical / human landscape can be used for tourism
31. Contribution to economy UK UK economy earns £80 billion every year. 27.7. million overseas visitors spend over £13 billion Restaurants (£20 billion) and hotels (£16 billion) More jobs and income London Eye is the most visited attraction in the UK with 3.7 million visitors per year. France Has more tourists than any other country USA Earns more money than any other country from tourism ESSENTIAL JOBS CREATED INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT (80% in Barbados)
32. Benefits of tourism in poorer countries Employment Tax visitors (pays for new water supplies, drainage, electricity, and roads) Extra jobs created indirectly (Hotels buy food from farmers etc.) Helps develop new businesses providing services (taxis, bars and restaurant, builders and maintenance).
33. Tourism in the UK Domestic tourism (grew quickly in the 1950s and 60s) UK seaside holidays peaked in the mid 1970s (40 million visitors annually) Britain's seaside resorts declined as package holidays abroad grew in number and affordability.
34. Impacts of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK Terrorism World Trade Centre in New York – 11 September 2001 - security stepped up – check in times increased. London 7th July 2005 underground attacks – tourism reduced Exchange Rates Currency exchange rates control the value of money for tourists on holiday. The Banking crisis Autumn 2008 banking crisis may mean people have less money to spend
35. Butlers Tourist Resort Life Cycle Model
36. Blackpool
37. Blackpool – Issues and solutions
38. Blackpool
39. Tourism in UK – National ParksLake District, Windermere Challenges Honeypot sites Bank erosion on Windermere Footpath erosion Congestion House prices (multiplier effect) Management strategies Speed limit of 10mph on lake Windermere Fix the fells scheme (geotextiles, local stone, signs and education) Park and ride (CarFreeCareFree scheme) Affordable housing for local people
40. National Parks – Skill question Use Figure E to describe recreational activities tourism may complete whilst visiting the Lake District.
41. Mass Tourism Mass tourism: tourism on a large scale to one country or region. This equates to the development and Consolidation phase of the Butler tourist resort life cycle model.
42. Masai Mara Safari (Tropical) Kenya Why are so many tourists attracted to Kenya? Tourists could visit the National Parks of Amboseli and Masai Mara. Tourists could photograph the amazing wildlife, including the ‘Big Five’. These are buffalo, elephant, lion, leopard and rhino. Tourists could trek up mountains such as Mount Kenya. Tourists could visit the coastal strip from Malindi to Mombasa and see the white sands and Coral reefs. Tourists could visit Lake Victoria.
43. Mass Tourism
44. Linking Mass Tourism and EcotourismESELENKEI CONSERVATION AREA How this feature makes tourism in the area sustainable (i.e. Tourists can carry on visiting without harming local people’s incomes or harming the environment. This means future generations will be able to continue to have tourists visit)
45. Sustainable development allows economic growth to occur, when can continue over a long period of time and will not harm the environment. It helps the people alive today but doesnot create problems for future generations. Example of link between activity and sustainability: Ecotourists visit Kenya for its wildlife and NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS. The environment and wildlife become ECONOMIC resources - and so do the traditions of its local people. Ecotourism brings MONEY to the area. Local people, government and businesses value nature and tradition more. The environment and way of life are SUSTAINED and it is protected for future generations.
46. Stewardship and Conservation Ecotourism Aim: To provide small scale holidays which have little effect on the local environment Ecotourism is tourism that focuses in protecting the environment and the local way of life.
47. Extreme tourist - Antarctica Target market: People looking for a physical challenge and risks Around 30 years old Unmarried Without children High powered job / good income (trips are expensive)
48. Extreme tourist - Antarctica
49. MAP SKILLS
50. Maps Choropleth Topological Physical
51. Compass rose How can we remember the points of the compass? ‘Never eat shredded wheat!’ Now think of your own slogan.
52. 4-figure grid references
53. 6-figure grid references
54. 6-figure grid references
55. Scale