Define:

1. Define: Heredity – the transfer of genes from parents to their offspring Gene - structures that code information for the inheritance of traits Autosome chromosomes – body chromosomes (not sex cell chromosomes). Homologues chromosomes – pairs of chromosomes that carry the same characteristics (but not necessarily the same allele). One homologous chromosome is received from each parent. Two alleles associated with a single trait are located at corresponding positions on each chromosome.

2. Define: Alleles - pairs of genes that carry the same characteristic and are found at the same location (loci) on pairs of homologous chromosomes Linked genes - traits located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. Ex: red hair and freckles are usually inherited together.

3. Question #1 Codes for various proteins. Determines that characteristics that will be inherited. 1. What does the sequence of bases on DNA code for?

4. Question #2 Nucleotides 2. What repeating subunits is DNA composed of?

5. Question #3 Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar 1 of 4 nitrogen bases. 3. What are the three components of a nucleotide?

6. Question #4 Three nucleotides 4. How many nucleotides code for one amino acid?

7. Question #5 A mutation will occur. Mutation – any change or mistake in the genes or chromosomes of an organisms that can be inherited. 5. If the nucleotide sequence on DNA is changed, what can occur?

8. Question #6 6. Fill in the DNA & RNA Pairing Conversation Chart below with the corresponding base pair.

9. Question #7 DNA : TAC ATG CAT GAC TAG ACT DNA : ATG TAC GTA CTG ATC TGA 7. Given the DNA sequence below, what is the opposite DNA strand sequence?

10. Question #8 DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, polypetide 8. List the molecules, in order of usage, that are necessary for protein synthesis.

11. Question #9 mRNA – carries information that determines the sequence of amino acids. tRNA– carries corresponding amino acid to the ribosome. Ribosome– connects together the corresponding amino acids to form a peptide chain (ie: protein). 9. What is the function of mRNA, tRNA and the ribosome?

12. Question #10 Messenger RNA molecules function in carrying coded infomraiton to the ribosomes, and transfer RNA molecules fuction in carrying amino acids to the ribosome. 10. What is the difference between mRNA and tRNA?

13. Question #11 Nucleus 11. Where, in the cell, is mRNA synthesized?

14. Question #12 Ribosome 12. What cell organelle connects the amino acids together?

15. Question #13 DNA : TAC ATG CAG GAC TAG ACT mRNA (codon) : AUG UAC GUC CUG AUC UGA tRNA (anti-codon) : UAC AUG CAG GAC UAG ACU Amino Acid : Met Tyr Val LeuIso Stop 13. Given the DNA sequence below, provide the mRNA, tRNA and amino acid sequence.

16. Question #14 The offspring receives genetic information from each parent. 14. Who do offspring receive genetic information from?

17. Question #15 Homologous chromosomes contain various genes (traits), within the genes (traits) are different alleles (versions of trait). 15. What is the relationship between homologous chromosomes, genes and alleles?

18. Question #16 Heterozygous – for a given trait, the two genes of an allelic pair are not alike. Homozygous– for a given trait, the organism possesses two identical genes for a trait. 16. What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?

19. Question #17 Codominance– Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism. Multiple Alleles – when genes have more than two alleles in the population. Blood types are an example of both codominance and multiple alleles because both phenotypes will be represented in the blood and there are more than two options for the alleles (A, B, O). Ex: Genotype - IAIB = Phenotype – AB. 17. What is codominance and multiple alleles? Provide an example.

20. Question #18 The environment can influence the expression of a genetic trait. Ex: Plants inherit genes that enable them to produce chlorophyll, but this pigment is not produced unless the plants are exposed to light. In Himalayan Rabbits, when the fur is exposed to cold temperatures, the fur changes color from white to black. 18. What can affect gene expression? Provide an example of a situation.

21. Question #19 Within the Sex Cells. 19. Where, in the human body, does a change in the genetic code need to occur in order for the mutation to be passed on to the offspring?

22. Question #20 Gene mutation – a single change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule 20. What is a mutation? What are the different types of mutations? Deletion? Nondisjunction?

23. Mutations

24. Question #21 A mutagenic agent can cause cellular mutations. Ex: x-rays, formaldehyde, asbestos fibers, ultraviolet light, radioactive substances, chemicals, drugs, alcohol. 21. What is a mutagen? Provide an example.

25. Question #22 Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the chromosome umber or the chromosome structure. 22. What is a chromosomal mutation? Provide an example.

26. Question #23 Chromosomes can be broken into pieces causing chromosomal alterations. 23. What can exposure to a mutagen agent (ie: radiation) affect an individual’s chromosomes?

27. Question #24 No, mutations can be transmitted to the next generation only if the mutations are present in the sex cells. 24. If a mutation occurs in a body cell, can the mutation be passed on to an offspring? Explain.

28. Question #25 Positive – Increase genetic variation within a population, which increases the population ability to survive. Produces new characteristics. An individual may have a trait that makes the organism more suitable to survive. Beneficial mutation is one that results in traits that make an organism better adapted to its environment. Negative – can upset normal cell function harming an organism’s ability to survive. 25. Provide a positive and negative impact of mutation(s) on an individual and/or population.

29. Question #26 Karyotype– photograph of human chromsomes that may be studied to determine possible genetic disorders. Karyotypescan be used to reveal if any chromosomal abnormalities are present. 26. What is a karyotype? What can a karyotype determine?

30. Question #27 Sickle Cell Anima – genetic disorder in which the body makes abnormal hemoglobin that leads to fragile red blood cells that are sickle-shaped and obstructed blood vessels. (“Sickle-shaped” = crescent shaped). Due to abnormal hemoglobin shape. Sickle cells are stiff and sticky and tend to block blood flow in blood vessels. Can cause pain, organ failure and raise the risk of infection. Can be diagnosed by microscopic examination of blood and low oxygen supply in the blood cells. 27. What is sickle-cell anemia? Draw a sickle blood cell.

31. Question #28 Sickle cell anemia – microscopic examination of blood, low oxygen supply in the cells. Down syndrome – karyotype analysis, three chromosome 21 being present. PKU – urine anaylsis. 28. Provide an example of a genetic disorder. Provide a characteristic and how the disorder can be diagnosed.

32. Question #29 50% Tall 50% Short Tall is dominant, short is recessive. Cross a heterozygous tall plant with a homozygous recessive short plant.

33. Question #30 The X-chromosome only. 30. On what chromosome is the allele for colorblind trait carried?

34. Question #31 0% of the offspring will be colorblind. 100% of females will be carries for trait and 100% of males will be normal for trait. 31. If the mother is ‘normal’ for colorblind gene and the father is colorblind, what percentage of the offspring will be colorblind? Complete the punnett square cross.