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Ch. 1 Warm-Up. How is anatomy different from physiology? What are the levels of organization of the human body from smallest largest? List the 11 organ systems of the body. Intro to Anatomy & Physiology. UNIT 1. Objectives:. Explore the history of Anatomy & Physiology
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Ch. 1 Warm-Up • How is anatomy different from physiology? • What are the levels of organization of the human body from smallest largest? • List the 11 organ systems of the body.
Objectives: • Explore the history of Anatomy & Physiology • Explain how structure complements function • Name the levels of structural organization • List the functions necessary for life • List the survival needs of the body • Define homeostasis and explain its significance • Use correct anatomical terms to describe the body
Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another • Physiology: the function of the body parts • Complementarity of Structure & Function • What a structure can do depends on its specific form • “Structure determines function”
Subdivisions of Anatomy • Gross or Macroscopic • parts visible to naked eye • Microscopic • Cytology: study of cells • Histology: study of tissues • Developmental • Embryology: study changes that occur before birth
History of Anatomy & Physiology • Egyptians perfected mummification • Major organs cleaned and placed in clay jars • Body cavity filled with sawdust-like materials • Natron used to dry the body • Wrapped in linen • Then covered in a shroud
Ancient Egyptians • In the process of mummifying people ancient Egyptians were able to identify and document: • Heart & vessels • Liver • Spleen • Kidneys • Uterus • Bladder • Hypothalamus **Even though they didn’t really know what they did or how they worked…**
Ancient Greece • Hippocrates • Hippocratic Corpus • Hippocratic Oath • Aristotle • Father of comparative anatomy (based off of dissections) • 1st recorded school of anatomy • Alexandria • The 1st to allow cutting and examination of dead bodies (criminals only)
Ancient Greece gets weird… • Galen • Performed vivisections on monkeys and pigs to gain physiological understanding • YES, that means cutting open something while it is still alive… • Studied wounds of Gladiators • Called wounds “windows into the body” • Only 5 gladiators died under his care
16th Century • Anatomical Theatres • People traveled extreme distances to watch professors teach during dissections • Stadium style seating • Increased the number of people who could benefit from each cadaver • Increased grave robbing • The discovery of electricity opened another can of worms… • Galvanism: contraction of muscle due to electric current • Ideas for Shelley’s “Frankenstein”
17th & 18th Centuries • Many artists trained in anatomy in order to produce life-like artwork • Leonardo da Vinci • Michelangelo • Rembrandt • This included attending lectures, public dissections, and private studies • Only certified anatomists were allowed to perform dissections, but anyone could watch for a certain price
Levels of Structural Organization atomic molecular cellular tissue organ organ system organism
Functions Necessary for Humans to Live • Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside) • Movement (internal & external) • Responsiveness: sense changes and respond • Digestion: break down foods for absorption • Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body • Excretion: remove wastes • Reproduction: cell division, whole organism • Growth: increase in size/part
Survival Needs • Nutrients (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Salt, etc.) • Oxygen • Water • Normal Body Temperature (98.6F or 37C) • Atmospheric Pressure & Gravity • “Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach
Homeostasis • Maintain relatively stable internal conditions • Receptor (input) control center effector (response) • Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of stimulus • Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar levels • Positive (+) feedback: increases response • Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting • Diseases = homeostatic imbalance
Anatomical Position • Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face forward, thumbs pointing out
Terms you need to know: • Superior (cranial) • Inferior (caudal) • Ventral (anterior) • Dorsal (posterior) • Medial • Lateral • Proximal • Distal • Superficial (external) • Deep (internal) • Axial • Appendicular • Saggital plane • Frontal (coronal) plane • Transverse (horizontal) plane
Regional Terms • Axial: main part of body = head, neck, & trunk • Appendicular: limbs attached to axis
The body can be divided into flat surfaces called planes • Sagittal plane • divides into right/left • Frontal/coronal plane • divides into anterior/posterior • Transverse/horizontal plane • divides into superior/inferior
Which plane is shown below? kidneys brain thigh
Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity: • Cranial cavity • Vertebral/spinal cavity • Ventral body cavity • Thoracic • lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus • Abdominopelvic • digestive, reproductive, urinary
Body Cavities • Oral cavity (within mouth) • Nasal cavity (inside nose) • Orbital cavities (hold the eyes) • Middle ear cavities (in skull, transmit & amplify sound)