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Exploring Animal Tissues: Structure, Function, and Classification

Dive into the intricate world of animal tissues, from epithelial to nervous, understanding their functions and classifications within organ systems. Discover the diverse shapes and types of epithelial cells, the composition of connective tissue, and the specialized roles of muscle and nervous tissues. Explore the formation of glands, the role of membranes, and the different types of connective tissues like loose, dense, and elastic. Delve into the fascinating world of muscle tissues—skeletal, cardiac, and smooth—and the intricate workings of nervous tissue with neurons and synapses. Learn about organ systems like integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive, all working together to maintain homeostasis through feedback mechanisms. Discover the strategies of thermoregulation in ectotherms and endotherms, and the unique adaptations like acclimatization, torpor, hibernation, and estivation for survival in changing environments.

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Exploring Animal Tissues: Structure, Function, and Classification

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  1. Chapter 37 The Animal Body: Introduction to Structure and Function

  2. Tissue consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions • Tissues associate to form organs, such as the heart • Groups of tissues and organs form organ systems

  3. Main types of animal tissue • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous • Classification depends on structure and origin

  4. Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer or sheet covering a body surface or lining a body cavity • Protection • Absorption • Secretion • Sensation

  5. Connective tissue consists of fewer cells separated by intercellular substance, fibers in a matrix • Collagen fibers • Elastic fibers • Reticular fibers

  6. Connective tissue contains specialized cells • Fibroblasts • Macrophages • Functions of connective tissue • Joins other tissues • Supports the body and its organs • Protects underlying organs

  7. Muscle tissue consists of cells specialized to contract • Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber containing contractile units called myofibrils

  8. Nervous tissue • Elongated cells called neurons • Specialized for transmitting impulses • Glial cells • Support and nourish neurons

  9. Types of epithelial cell shapes • Squamous • Cuboidal • Columnar • Type of epithelial tissue • Simple • Stratified • Pseudostratified

  10. Simple squamous epithelium • Lines blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs • Exchange of materials by diffusion

  11. Simple squamous epithelium

  12. Simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium • Lines passageways • Specialized for secretion and absorption

  13. Simple cuboidal epithelium

  14. Simple columnar epithelium

  15. Stratified squamous epithelium • Outer layer of skin • Lines passageways into the body • Provides protection • Pseudostratified epithelium • Lines passageways • Protects underlying tissue

  16. Stratified squamous epithelium

  17. Pseudostratified epithelium

  18. Glands are formed from epithelial tissue • Goblet cells • Unicellular glands that secret mucus • Exocrine glands secrete onto an epithelial surface • Endocrine glands • Release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood

  19. Glands

  20. Epithelial membrane • Sheet of epithelial tissue and a • Layer of underlying connective tissue • Mucous membrane • Lines a cavity that opens to the outside of the body • Serous membrane • Lines a cavity that does not open to the outside of the body

  21. Types of connective tissue • Loose connective tissue • Dense connective tissue • Elastic connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Cartilage • Bone • Blood

  22. Loose connective tissue • In the subcutaneous tissue • Between many body parts • Fibers in a semifluid matrix • Cartilage cells (chondroctyes) • In lacunae, small cavities in the cartilage matrix

  23. Loose connective tissue

  24. Cartilage

  25. Osteocytes • Secrete and maintain the matrix of bone • Compact bone consists of spindle-shaped units called osteons • Central blood vessel through a Haversian canal surrounded by lamellae

  26. Bone

  27. Skeletal muscle • Striated • Under voluntary control • Each elongated, cylindrical muscle fiber has several nuclei

  28. Cardiac muscle • Striated • Contraction is involuntary • Elongated, cylindrical fibers branch and fuse • Each fiber has one or two nuclei

  29. Smooth muscle • Contracts involuntarily • Elongated, spindle-shaped fibers lack striation • Each fiber has a central nucleus • Responsible for movement of food through the digestive tract

  30. Muscle tissues

  31. Elongated neurons receive and transmit information • Dendrites receive signals and transmit them to the cell body • Axon transmits signal to other neurons, a muscle, or a gland • Synapse is a junction between neurons

  32. Nervous tissue

  33. Organ systems • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Circulatory

  34. Organ systems • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive

  35. Homeostasis • Automatic tendency to maintain a balanced internal environment • Dynamic equilibrium maintained by negative feedback systems • Regulators respond to counteract changes caused by stressors

  36. Homeostasis

  37. Thermoregulation • Homeostatic mechanisms for regulating body temperature • Physiological • Structural • Behavioral

  38. Ectotherms • Body temperature varies with the environment • Very little energy used • Less food needed • Activity may be limited by daily and seasonal temperatures

  39. Endotherms • Mechanisms to maintain body temperature in a narrow range • Increased enzyme activity • Activity even in low winter temperatures • High energy cost

  40. Acclimatization • Process of adjustment to seasonal changes • Torpor • Adaptive hypothermia • Hibernation • Long-term torpor in winter cold • Estivation • Torpor caused by lack of food or water in summer heat

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