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Understanding How Computers Work: Hardware Components, Software, and Communication

Learn about the hardware components inside a computer, the need for software to make it work, and how the CPU communicates with other devices. Explore topics such as the binary number system, input/output devices, motherboard, storage devices, and communication through bus lines.

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Understanding How Computers Work: Hardware Components, Software, and Communication

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  1. Chapter 1 How Computers Work

  2. You Will Learn… • That a computer requires both hardware and software to work • About the many different hardware components inside and connected to a computer • How the CPU works and how it communicates with other devices

  3. Hardware Needs Softwareto Work • Hardware • Physical components of the computer (monitor, keyboard, memory chips, hard drive) • Software • Set of instructions that directs hardware to accomplish a task

  4. Hardware Needs Softwareto Work

  5. Functions of the Microcomputer

  6. Binary Number System • Technology of storing and reading only two values: on and off • Bits and bytes • Originated in the 1940s by John Atanasoff

  7. Binary Number System

  8. Binary Number System

  9. PC Hardware Components • Input/output devices: outside computer case • Processing and storage components: inside the case • Elements required by hardware devices to operate: • Method for CPU to communicate with it • Software to instruct and control it • Electricity to power it

  10. Hardware Used forInput and Output • Connects to computer case by ports • Most popular input devices: • Keyboard • Mouse • Most popular output devices: • Monitor • Printer

  11. Ports

  12. Input Devices

  13. Output Devices

  14. Hardware Inside the Case • Motherboard (contains CPU, memory, etc.) • Floppy drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM drive (permanent storage) • Power supply with cords supplying electricity to all devices inside the case continued…

  15. Hardware Inside the Case • Circuit boards (used by CPU to communicate with devices inside/outside the case) • Contain microchips, which are most often manufactured using CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology • Cables that connect devices to circuit boards and the motherboard • Data cables • Power cables (or power cords)

  16. Peripheral Devices • Communicate with CPU but are not located directly on the motherboard • Some are linked by expansion cards in expansion slots on the motherboard

  17. The Motherboard • Largest, most important circuit board in the computer • Contains the CPU, with which all devices must communicate: • Installed directly on the motherboard • Linked by a cable connected to a port on the motherboard • Indirectly linked by expansion cards • Also called the main board or system board

  18. The Motherboard

  19. Ports on a Motherboard

  20. For processing: CPU Chip set For temporary storage: RAM Cache memory Electrical system: Power supply connections For communication with other devices: Traces Expansion slots System clock Programming and setup data: Flash ROM CMOS setup chip Major Components on All Motherboards

  21. The CPU • Most important chip (the microprocessor) • Performs most of actual data processing

  22. The Chip Set • Controls flow of data and instructions to and from the CPU • Provides careful timing of activities

  23. The Chip Set

  24. CPU and Chip Set Manufacturers • IBM-compatible PCs • Intel Corporation • AMD • VIA • SiS • Cyrix • Macintosh (Apple Computer, Inc.) • Motorola Corporation

  25. Temporary (primary storage, or memory) Temporarily holds data and instructions while processing them Faster to access than permanent storage Permanent (secondary storage) Data and instructions must be copied into primary storage (RAM) for processing Storage Devices

  26. Primary and Secondary Storage

  27. Primary Storage Devices • Memory, or RAM, located on motherboard and other circuit boards • Volatile versus nonvolatile (or ROM) memory • Common types of boards that hold memory chips • SIMMs (single inline memory modules) • DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) • RIMMs (memory modules manufactured by Rambus, Inc.)

  28. RAM Chips

  29. Types of RAM Modules

  30. Secondary Storage Devices • Hard disks • Floppy disks • Zip drives • CD-ROMs • DVDs

  31. Hard Drive • Uses EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) technology • Motherboard can accommodate up to four IDE devices on one system • IDE provides two connectors on a motherboard for two data cables

  32. Motherboard with Connectors

  33. A Typical System

  34. Hard Drive’s Power Supply

  35. Floppy Drive Cable

  36. Floppy Drive Connection

  37. CD-ROM Drive

  38. Motherboard Components Used for Communication Among Devices • The bus • System of pathways used for communication and the protocol and methods used for transmission • Includes a data bus, address bus, and control bus

  39. Bus Lines

  40. Data Bus

  41. System Clock • Synchronizes activity on the motherboard • Sends continuous pulses over the bus that are used by different components to control the pace of activity • Frequency of activity is measured in MHz,or 1 million cycles per second

  42. System Clock

  43. Bus Lines • Lines of a bus, including data, instruction, and power lines, often extend to the expansion slots • Types of expansion slots • PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) • For high-speed input/output devices) • AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) • For a video card • ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) • Used by older and/or slower devices)

  44. Bus Lines

  45. Types of Expansion Slots

  46. Interface (Expansion) Cards • Enable CPU to connect to external device or to a network

  47. Interface (Expansion) Cards

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