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Pipe Sizing Procedures for Upfeed Systems in Architectural Technology

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42 diapositives · 568 Views · Jul 14, 2014

This lecture covers the procedures for pipe sizing in upfeed systems, critical for efficient architectural design. It includes pressure calculations, factors affecting flow, and step-by-step methodologies to determine pipe dimensions based on various fixture unit counts. The discussion emphasizes the importance of accounting for pressure losses due to height, friction, and meters, guiding students through practical examples. By understanding how to calculate water demand and select appropriate pipe sizes, architects can enhance system performance in buildings.

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  1. Technology in Architecture Lecture 9 Upfeed Systems Pipe Sizing Procedure Pipe Sizing Example

  2. Upfeed Systems

  3. Pressure in Upfeed Systems Fixture pressure head Static headFriction head lossMeter pressure loss S: p. 913, F.21.13

  4. Pressure in Upfeed Systems Proper fixture flow pressure A + Pressure lost due to height B + Pressure lost due to friction C +Pressure lost through meter D Total street main pressure E

  5. A: FixtureFlow Pressure Pressure needed to get water through fixture S: p. 970, T.21.14

  6. B: Pressure lost due to height Weight of water column S: p. 913, F.21.13

  7. C: Pressure loss due to friction Initially unknown, must be calculated based on pressure remaining after accounting for the other factors

  8. D: Pressure lost through meter Make initial size assumption and then repeat to optimum size S: p. 971, F.21.63a

  9. E: Total Street Main Pressure Check with water company or fire department

  10. Pipe Sizing Procedure

  11. 1. Determine Supply Fixture Units Fixture units take into account usage diversity S: p. 974, T.21.15

  12. 2. Calculate Demand Flow Use curve 1 for flush valve dominated system Use curve 2 for flush tank dominated systems S: p. 975, F.21.65a

  13. 3. Determine the “Most Critical Fixture (MCF)” Highest and farthest from inlet main Confirm pressure required (A) Identify height (B) S: p. 958, F.21.52

  14. 4. Determine Developed Length The total length of all horizontal and vertical pipes from the main to the MCF S: p. 995, F.22.17

  15. 5. Determine Total Effective Length (TEL) Two approaches: 1. equivalent length or 2. multiply DL x 1.5 TEL= DL x 1.5 S: p. 976, T.21.16a

  16. 6. Determine Street Main Pressure (E) Contact utility company or fire department

  17. 7. Determine Pressure Available for Friction Loss Proper fixture flow pressure A + Pressure lost due to height B + Pressure lost due to friction C +Pressure lost through meter D Total street main pressure E or C=E-A-B-D

  18. Meter Loss (D) Since D is unknown, pick an initial size, do calculation, repeat as needed to optimize flow C=E-A-B-D S: p. 971, F.21.63a

  19. 8. Determine Friction loss/100’ C=E-A-B-D Δp/100’ = 100 x C/TEL

  20. 9. Verify flow for meter size If flow > Total Demand (#2)  repeat 7-9 at smaller diameter If flow < Total Demand (#2)  repeat 7-9 at larger diameter S: p. 972, F.21.64a

  21. 10. Select finalmeter size When flow > Total Demand (#2)  stop S: p. 972, F.21.64a

  22. Pipe Sizing Example

  23. Given Information Small Office Building  public numbers 2 Flush valve toilets 2 Lavatories 2 Drinking fountains 1 Service sink DL: 92’ MCF: Flush Valve Toilet, 16’ above water main Street Main Pressure: 44.1 psi

  24. 1. Determine Supply Fixture Units Fixture units take into account usage diversity S: p. 974, T.21.15

  25. 1. Determine Supply Fixture Units Cold Hot Total 2 Flush valve toilets 20.00 --- 20.0 2 Lavatories 3.00 3.00 4.0 2 Drinking fountains 0.50 --- 0.5 1 Service sink 2.25 2.25 3.0 25.75 5.25 27.5

  26. 2. Calculate Demand Flow 20 WSFU out of 27.5 WSFU are flush valves Use curve 1 for flush valve dominated system 40 gpm S: p. 975, F.21.65a

  27. 3. Determine the Most Critical Fixture Confirm pressure required (A) 15 psi Height above main (B) 16’  7.0 psi S. p. 970, T.21.14

  28. 4. Determine Developed Length Developed length 92’ Note: this figure for generic reference only and does not illustrate the example problem S: p. 975, F.22.17

  29. 5. Determine Total Effective Length (TEL) TEL= DL x 1.5 = 92 x 1.5 = 138’

  30. 6. Determine Street Main Pressure (E) 44.1 psi

  31. 7. Determine Pressure Available for Friction Loss Proper fixture flow pressure A 15.0 + Pressure lost due to height B 7.0 + Pressure lost due to friction C ? +Pressure lost through meter D ? Total street main pressure E 44.1

  32. Meter Loss (D) Pick an initial size 2” diameter… 1.4 psi S: p. 971, F.21.63a

  33. 8. Determine Friction loss/100’ C=E-A-B-D = 44.1-15.0-7.0-1.4 = 20.7 psi Δp/100’=100 x 20.7/138 = 15 psi/100’

  34. 9. Verify flow for meter size At 2” Flow=150 gpm > Total Demand 40 gpm At 1-1/2” Flow=60 gpm > Total Demand 40 gpm (Δp/100’= 13.1) At 1” Flow=13 gpm < Total Demand 40 gpm (Δp/100’= 5.1) S: p. 972 F.21.64a

  35. 9. Verify flow for meter size When flow > Total Demand (#2)  stop At 1-1/2” Flow=60 gpm > Total Demand 40 gpm (Δp/100’= 13.1) S: p. 972 F.21.64a

  36. Pipe Sizing Use Δp/100’= 13.1 psi/100’ Use fixture units to determine flow S: p. 972 F.21.64a

  37. Pipe Sizing Use fixture units to determine flow Pay attention to flush valve domination S: p. 972 F.21.65a

  38. Pipe Sizing Use Δp/100’= 13.1 psi/100’ Use fixture units to determine flow Select size which does not exceed 13.1 psi/100’ 20 gpm, use 1” 10 gpm, use ¾” Use runout sizes at each fixture S: p. 972, F.21.64a

  39. Runout Pipe Sizing Use actual flow to size runouts Lavatory: 2 gpm S: p.970, T.21.14

  40. Runout Pipe Sizing Use Δp/100’= 13.1 psi/100’ Lavatory: 2 gpm S: p. 972, F.21.64a

  41. 2.7 2 3 ½” 3.6 2 4 ¾” Notation System Suggested for organizing data WSFU Curve Flow Diam. S: p. 995, F.22.17