1. Terminology in anatomy General information on the systems Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 13. 15.September. 2011Thursday 20. September. 2011 Tuesday

2. Terminology in anatomy • It is importantformedicalpersonneltohave a soundknowledgeandunderstanding of thebasicanatomicterms. • Theaccurateuse of anatomictermsbymedicalpersonnelenablesthemtocommunicatewiththeircolleaguesbothnationallyandinternationally. • Withoutanatomicterms, onecannotaccuratelydiscussorrecordtheabnormalfunctions of joints, theactions of muscles, thealteration of position of organs, ortheexactlocation of swellingsortumors.

3. Anatomical terms are descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide, TerminologiaAnatomica (TA). TA- International AnatomicalTerminology Createdby the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, themostrecent (6th) editionwas published in 1998.

4. Many anatomical terms have both Latin and Greek equivalents. Thus the tongue is lingua (L.) and glossa (Gk), and these are the basis of such terms as lingual artery and glossopharyngeal nerve.

5. Variousadjectives, arranged as pairs of opposites, describetherelationship of parts of the body orcomparetheposition of twostructuresrelativetoeachother. • Anatomicaldirectionaltermsarebased on the body in theanatomicalposition • Fouranatomicalplanesdividethe body, andsectionsdividetheplanesintovisuallyusefulanddescriptiveparts.

6. TermsRelatedtoPosition • Alldescriptions of thehuman body arebased on thanatomicposition. • Thevariousparts of the body arethendescribed in relationtocertainimaginaryplanes.

7. MedianSagittalPlane This is a verticalplanepassingthroughthecenter of the body, dividing it intoequalrightandlefthalves. .

8. CoronalPlanes Imaginaryverticalplanes at rightanglestothemedianplane. Horizontal, orTransverse,orAxialPlanes At rightanglestoboththemedianandthecoronalplanes.

10. Anatomicaltermsarespecificforcomparisonsmade in theanatomicalposition, orwithreferencetotheanatomicalplanes: • Superiorrefersto a structurethat is nearerthevertex, thetopmostpoint of thecranium (Mediev. L., skull). • Inferiorrefersto a structurethat is situatednearerthe sole of thefoot.

11. Cranialrelatestothecraniumand is a usefuldirectionalterm, meaningtowardtheheadorcranium. • Caudal(L. cauda, tail) is a usefuldirectionaltermthatmeanstowardthefeetortailregion, represented in humansbythecoccyx (tail bone), thesmall bone at theinferior (caudal) end of thevertebralcolumn.

12. Posterior(dorsal) denotesthebacksurface of the body ornearertotheback. • Anterior (ventral) denotesthefrontsurface of the body. • Rostral is oftenusedinstead of anteriorwhendescribingparts of thebrain; it meanstowardtherostrum (L. forbeak). • Todescribetherelationship of twostructures, one is saidto be anteriororposteriortotheotherinsofar as it is closertotheanteriororposterior body surface.

14. Medialis usedtoindicatethat a structure is nearertothemedianplane of the body. Forexample, the 5th digit of thehand (littlefinger) is medialtotheotherdigits. • Lateralstipulatesthat a structure is fartherawayfromthemedianplane. The 1st digit of thehand (thumb) is lateraltotheotherdigits. • Dorsumusuallyreferstothesuperioraspect of anypartthatprotrudesanteriorlyfromthe body, such as thedorsum of thetongue, nose, penis, orfoot

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16. Combinedtermsdescribeintermediatepositionalarrangements: inferomedialmeansnearertothefeetandmedianplane—forexample, superolateralmeansnearertotheheadandfartherfromthemedianplane.

17. Otherterms of relationshipandcomparisonsareindependent of theanatomicalpositionortheanatomicalplanes, relatingprimarilytothebody'ssurfaceoritscentralcore: • Superficial,intermediate, anddeep (Lat. Profundus, profunda) describetheposition of structuresrelativetothesurface of the body ortherelationship of onestructuretoanotherunderlyingoroverlyingstructure. • Externalmeansoutside of orfartherfromthecenter of an organ orcavity, whileinternalmeans inside orclosertothecenter, independent of direction.

18. Otherterms of relationshipandcomparisonsareindependent of theanatomicalpositionortheanatomicalplanes, relatingprimarilytothebody'ssurfaceoritscentralcore: • Externalmeansoutside of orfartherfromthecenter of an organ orcavity, whileinternalmeans inside orclosertothecenter, independent of direction.

19. Proximalanddistalareusedwhencontrastingpositionsnearertoorfartherfromtheattachment of a limborthecentralaspect of a linearstructure (origin in general), respectively. Forexample, thearm is proximaltotheforearmandthehand is distaltotheforearm.

20. Terms of Laterality • Pairedstructureshavingrightandleftmembers (e.g., thekidneys) arebilateral, whereasthoseoccurring on onesideonly (e.g., thespleen) areunilateral. • Somethingoccurring on thesameside of the body as anotherstructure is ipsilateral. • Contralateralmeansoccurring on theoppositeside of thebody • relativetoanotherstructure.

21. Terms of Movement • Varioustermsdescribemovements of thelimbsandotherparts of the body. • Mostmovementsaredefined in relationshiptotheanatomicalposition, withmovementsoccurringwithin, andaroundaxesalignedwith, specificanatomicalplanes. • Whilemostmovementsoccur at jointswheretwoormorebonesorcartilagesarticulatewithoneanother, severalnon-skeletalstructuresexhibitmovement (e.g., tongue, lips, eyelids).

22. Terms of movementmayalso be considered in pairs of oppositingmovements: Flexionandextensionmovementsgenerallyoccur in sagittalplanesaround a transverseaxis.

23. Flexionindicatesbendingordecreasingtheanglebetweenthebonesorparts of the body. Formostjoints (e.g., elbow), flexioninvolvesmovement in an anteriordirection, but it is occasionallyposterior, as in thecase of thekneejoint. • Lateralflexionis a movement of thetrunk in thecoronalplane.

24. Extensionindicatesstraighteningorincreasingtheanglebetweenthebonesorparts of the body. Extensionusuallyoccurs in a posteriordirection. • Thekneejoint, rotated 180° tootherjoints, is exceptional in thatflexion of thekneeinvolvesposteriormovementandextensioninvolvesanteriormovement.

26. Dorsiflexiondescribesflexion at theanklejoint, as occurswhenwalkinguphillor lifting thefront of thefootandtoesofftheground. • Plantarflexionbendsthefootandtoestowardtheground, as whenstanding on yourtoes.

27. Abductionandadductionmovementsgenerallyoccur in a frontalplanearound an anteroposterioraxis. • Exceptforthedigits, abductionmeansmovingawayfromthemedianplane (e.g., whenmoving an upperlimblaterallyawayfromtheside of the body) andadductionmeansmovingtoward it.

31. Circumduction is a circularmovementthatinvolvessequentialflexion, abduction, extension, andadductionin such a waythatthedistalend of thepartmoves in a circle. • Circumductioncan occur at anyjoint at whichalltheabove-mentionedmovementsarepossible (e.g., theshoulderandhipjoints).

33. Rotationinvolvesturningorrevolving a part of the body arounditslongitudinalaxis, such as turningone'sheadtofacesideways. • Medialrotation (internalrotation) bringstheanteriorsurface of a limbclosertothemedianplane, whereaslateralrotation (externalrotation) takestheanteriorsurfaceawayfromthemedianplane.

34. Pronationrotatestheradiusmediallysothatthepalm of thehandfacesposteriorlyanditsdorsumfacesanteriorly. Whentheelbowjoint is flexed, pronationmovesthehandsothatthepalmfacesinferiorly (e.g., placingthepalmsflat on a table). • Supination is theoppositerotationalmovement, rotatingtheradiuslaterallyanduncrossing it fromtheulna, returningthepronatedforearmtotheanatomicalposition. Whentheelbowjoint is flexed, supinationmovesthehandsothatthepalmfacessuperiorly.

36. Eversionmovesthe sole of thefootawayfromthemedianplane, turningthe sole laterally. • Inversionmovesthe sole of thefoottowardthemedianplane (facingthe sole medially).

37. Oppositionis themovementbywhichthepad of the 1st digit (thumb) is broughttoanotherdigitpad. Thismovement is usedtopinch, button a shirt, and lift a teacupbythehandle. • Repositiondescribesthemovement of the 1st digitfromtheposition of oppositionbacktoitsanatomicalposition.l

39. Protrusion is a movementanteriorly (forward) as in protrudingthemandible (chin), lips, ortongue. • Retrusion is a movementposteriorly (backward), as in retrudingthemandible, lips, ortongue.

40. Elevationraisesormoves a partsuperiorly, as in elevatingtheshoulderswhenshrugging. • Depressionlowersormoves a partinferiorly, as in depressingtheshoulderswhenstanding at ease.

41. Protractionandretractionareusedmostcommonlyforanterolateralandposteromedialmovements of thescapula on thethoracicwall, causingtheshoulderregiontomoveanteriorlyandposteriorly.

42. Regionalterms

44. General information • on thesystems

45. Body Planes Figure 1.9a

46. Trunk Cavities • Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. • Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

47. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae

48. Serous Membranes • Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line the cavity • Fist represents an organ • Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane • Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane • Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes • Inflammation of the serous membranes

49. Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs • Pericardium refers to heart. • Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity. • Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity.

50. Other Body Cavities • Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs • Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose • Orbital – house the eyes • Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations • Synovial – joint cavities