The Atlantic World, 1492-1800

1. The Atlantic World, 1492-1800

2. I. Colonizing the Americas • Began in 1492 – Columbus sets sail in search of route to India • Never reached India, “discovered” Americas for Spain, opened “New World” to Europe • Spain first to began turning lands of Central and South America into colonies: • Lands that are controlled by another nation • Explorers that helped lead the way • Pedro Alvares Cabral – claimed land that becomes Brazil for Portuguese • Ferdinand Magellan – sailed south around South America, sailed west through Pacific Ocean • First voyage to circumnavigate the globe

3. I. Continued… • Conquistadors • Superior weapons, diseases from Old World (small pox, measles, typhus) gave advantage • Hernando Cortes – defeated Aztecs in 1521 • Francisco Pizarro – conquered Inca Empire in 1532 • Francisco de Coronado – headed north to present-day United States in search of gold • Settling In • Spanish imposed their culture onto native populations as permanent settlements were created • Forced conversion to Catholicism, loss of languages/traditional customs, introduction of feudal-like social/economic system • System of encomiendas enforced – natives were forced to work for Spanish landholders – endured harsh conditions, abuse • Large mestizo population develops – Spanish + native American

4. I. Continued… • Spain becomes richest, most powerful nation in 16th century • Increased its wealth and military, increased territorial holdings into North America • Catholic priests became leaders in colonizing and converting in North America • Many, however, pushed for better treatment of native peoples • Encomienda system abolished in 1542 • Native rebellions • Starting as early as Columbus’ arrival, natives attempted to resist conquest andcolonization • Example: 1680 – Pueblo Indians organized a rebellion that pushed the Spanish out of southwest U.S. for 12 years

5. II. Settlement of North America • England, France, and the Netherlands began competing with Spain for power in North America • France set up in modern-day Canada, known then as New France • Began moving south – by early 1700s, claimed what is now midwestern U.S., all the way to Louisiana • England’s first colony was founded in 1607 – Jamestown, Virginia • Opened the door to more settlers, stayed mostly in east • The Dutch establish New Netherland, profiting from the fur trade • Was slow to attract settlers, eventually lost territory to England

6. II. Continued… • Series of battles between European powers dominated the 17th and 18th centuries • 1664 – English drive out Dutch (surrendered without firing a shot) • 1754 – French and Indian War began • Was a part of a larger world conflict called the Seven Years’ War • French were defeated in 1763, England claimed all their territory in N. America • Native Americans suffered more from disease than from warfare • Europeans brought “Old World” diseases, like measles and small pox, that natives had no built-in resistance to • Millions died of epidemics throughout theAmericas

7. Exit Ticket Answer the following questions using complete sentences: • What gave the Spanish conquistadors an advantage over the native Americans? • How did life for many native Americans change after the creation of permanent settlements by the Spanish? • Who were the four main European powers in competition for North America?

8. III. Atlantic Slave Trade • Slavery had already existed in Africa for centuries • Slavery among African societies common, represented wealth • Slaves had some rights, even held positions of authority • Arab merchants traded slaves to Asia beginning in 8th century • As Native American population declined, the need for other sources of labor increased in the Americas • Portuguese and Spanish first to engage in African slave trade • Between 16th and 19th centuries, more than 12 million Africans shipped to Americas • Estimated 10-20% died along the way (probably much higher) • Middle Passage – name of slave voyage to Americas • Overcrowded, unsanitary conditions • Often led to death, suicide, rebellions • Mostly men were shipped (tipped balance of African population) • Local African rulers worked with Europeans for trade of slaves/goods

9. III. Continued… • Directly linked to plantation and mining economies of Americas • Triangular trade – slaves to America,|raw materials to Europe, European goods to Africa, cycle repeats itself • Impact of the Slave Trade • Population shift in favor of women in many areas • Conflicts between African societies increased – competition for European goods • Economies of American colonies may not have survived without the work of the slaves • Cultural blending – mix of African culture with that of the Americas/Europe – especially religions (Ex: vodun in Haiti)

10. III. Continued… • Slave resistance and rebellion • Kept cultural heritage alive as a way of resisting • Worked slowly, broke tools, ran away • Open revolts occurred throughout Americas • Examples: Haitian independence movement, Nat Turner in U.S. • End of Slave Trade • Abolition of the slave trade came from a variety of reasons: • Enlightenment thinking • Christian revivalism/humanitarianism • Industrial Revolution – less emphasis on agriculture labor • Slave trade less important/profitable than trade of other goods

11. EXIT TICKET Answer the following questions using complete sentences. • Why did the Europeans turn to Africa as a source of cheap labor? • What is the Triangular Trade? • Explain two ways in which the slave trade impacted societies. • Provide two reasons that led to the end of the slave trade.

12. IV. Global Economy • Colonization of Americas created more opportunities for trade and commerce • A truly global economy emerged as goods (and people) are shipped worldwide • Columbian Exchange – global transfer of foods, plants, animals during colonization of the Americas • Agricultural products found in New World made their way to the Old World for first time, and vice versa • Ex: corn, potatoes, tomatoes to O.W.; horses, sugar, and rice to N.W. • Played huge role in boosting world population • Diseases also part of exchange (mainly to the Americas)

13. IV. Continued… • Global Economic Revolution • Global trade created new economic systems and focus on wealth in growing nations • Mercantilism – belief that a country’s power depended on its wealth • Goal was to obtain as much wealth as possible • Wealth was obtained through export/trade of goods • Colonies became important for nations to become self-sufficient and grow wealthy (access to raw materials, labor) • Capitalism – economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit • Individuals, not just governments and kings, became very wealthy and powerful through trade

14. EXIT TICKET Answer the following questions using COMPLETE SENTENCES: • Provide two reasons that led to the end of the slave trade. • Describe the Columbian Exchange. Name one item that went to the New World and one item that went to the Old World. • What is mercantilism? • What is capitalism?