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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis . By SC. Definition: What is T.B?. A chronic, highly infectious disease that can destroy tissue Caused by tubercle bacillus bacteria Contagious but some people are at more risk than others Enters body when you breathe the same air as someone with this disease

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Tuberculosis

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  1. Tuberculosis By SC

  2. Definition: What is T.B? • A chronic, highly infectious disease that can destroy tissue • Caused by tubercle bacillus bacteria • Contagious but some people are at more risk than others • Enters body when you breathe the same air as someone with this disease • Usually settles in the lungs • Can spread to other organs/body parts including central nervous system, bones and joints • T.B. considered one of the deadliest infectious diseases across the world especially in developing countries • One of the most damaging infectious diseases

  3. Active T.B. • T.B. bacteria in your body has become active • Will have symptoms of active T.B. disease • Not all inactive T.B becomes active • Most often people get the disease when they are older or have another disease, lowering their ability to fight infection • Active T.B. disease can be treated with medication • Can be found in the brain, lymph glands and the bones, although the most common place is the lungs

  4. Inactive T.B. • Do not usually get sick right away when infected with the bacterium • Stays in body in inactive state • Can become active at any point in life • Inactive T.B. can be prevented from becoming active T.B. by taking medication • Can multiply and spread to lymph glands in the middle of the chest

  5. Secondary T.B • Occurs when a person is carrying inactive T.B and their immune system becomes compromised • Can infect various parts of the body

  6. Treatment for Active T.B. • May need to be hospitalized for a few weeks • Will be given medicine at hospital to fight T.B. • Once they take medicine for a few weeks, they stop being contagious • Can usually return to work, school etc. • Very important to continue medication for as long as doctor says • Otherwise T.B. may not get cured and can come back again

  7. Treatment for Inactive T.B. • Doctor may prescribe antibiotics to combat the T.B and prevent the infection from becoming active • INH (isoniazid) is the medicine usually taken for inactive T.B. • May need to be taken from many months • If you stop taking medicine before you should… • Infection can come back • Infection could turn into active T.B. • Accidentally make bacteria even stronger (may create a antibiotic resistant strain)

  8. Early Treatments • Surgery: • End of 19th century, surgical operations on the lungs started • Purpose of operation: rest lungs by collapsing parts of them • Did actually help people with T.B. • Did not provide a cure • Sanatoriums: • Special hospitals in the countryside where patients where taken to rest and eat nutritious food, strengthen their immune system and isolated them • Chedoke Hospital use to be a tuberculosis sanitorium • Closed in the 1950s

  9. Pulmonary T.B Lungs are usually the primary site of infection Affects upper part of lungs and large holes are eaten away by the disease Bronchi (bacteria) is released with each cough Becomes contagious If it is not treated it will destroy the lung tissue and result in death TB meningitis-rare infection of the brain which is often fatal Miliary TB-infection travels through the blood and infects many areas of the body at once Sites of Infection

  10. History • Earliest evidence from Neolithic grave near Heidelberg in Germany, 5000 B.C.E • Human fossils from 6 thousand years ago show evidence of T.B. • Found in Egyptian mummies from 1000 B.C.E. • Shows T.B. was widespread in ancient Egypt • 2000 year old writings from India tell about T.B. calling it the “King of Disease” • In the early 20th century, Doctors believed “T.B. days were over” because of effective treatments • T.B. cases increased in 1980; T.B. became a serious problem world wide

  11. Cause of Infection • Tuberculosis bacilli: bacteria that belong to the genus and species Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Other bacterial species within this genus may also cause T.B.

  12. Appear as straight or slightly curved, rod-shaped organisms under a microscope (tuberculosis bacilli) Widths vary from 0.3 – 0.6 micrometers Length vary from 1-4 micrometers Cell wall contains unusual lipids that include mycolic acid Gives bacteria special staining properties Acid-fast staining procedure used to identify mycobacterium Typical mycobacteria will divide every 20-30 minutes Description of Bacteria

  13. Description of Bacteria Continued • Require oxygen to grow, and are resistant to drying (because of their lipids) • Resist chemical and physical agents that would usually kill bacteria • Allow bacteria to survive in both the body and outside the environment • Sensitive to ultraviolet light and will be killed in 2 hours if exposed to direct sunlight • Can stay aloft in air for hours • Less contagious than measles, chickenpox and mumps • Most people exposed to T.B. will not contract it

  14. Antibiotics and Vaccines • 1944: scientists developed medicine called streptomycin • had serious side effects • newer and better medicines developed • T.B. become a curable disease • Medicines to treat T.B. in Canada are free • Takes more than one medicine to kill active T.B. • Doctors prescribe 2 (isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RMP)) • Nearly 100% curable if the right medicines are taken for the proper amount of time • Unfortunately, not many people have access to the medications or are unable to take them as prescribed

  15. Diagnosis • Skin test Tuberculin injected under the skin Heaf: several small needles Mantoux: one large needle • Health professional examines arm a few days later and checks for swelling • No swelling – negative (not infected) • Swelling – positive (may be infected) • Does not show if T.B. is active or inactive • If the skin test shows you have T.B, doctor orders test to test to determine if T.B. is active or inactive • Chest x-ray: shows if there is damage to your lungs • Test on fluid sample from lungs after you cough can see if the bacteria is active or inactive in your lungs

  16. Signs & Symptoms • Inactive T.B. does not show any noticeable symptoms • Symptoms for active T.B: • A cough that lasts 2 weeks or more, especially if you cough up fluid or blood comes from your lungs when you cough • Weight loss • Fever • Night sweats • Loss of appetite • Many symptoms are similar to other illnesses i.e) lung cancer • Symptoms may not appear until infection has caused damage

  17. Spread • T.B. moves from lungs to the air by coughing, sneezing or even talking • Only people with active T.B. can spread the disease • Most susceptible: • People who have lived or worked in countries where T.B. is common • Aboriginal Canadians • People who have HIV or AIDS • Elderly people • Homeless people • People who live in crowded housing, in unhygienic conditions • Health professionals • People who have cancer who are getting chemotherapy • Organ transplant recipients • Diabetics and people with silicosis

  18. Future Outlook • Medical scientists from the University of Leicester and St. Georges, University of London, published details of a new discovery of T.B. • Identified that T.B. lays down body fat that may be what helps it survive when it passes from one person to another • This also increases their resistance to T.B. medicines • T.B. bacteria coughed up by someone who is infected are quickly multiplying • Discovered that many T.B. bacteria in sputum are loaded with fat droplets • These “fat bacilli” are an inert non-growing state, allowing them to survive moving from one person to another • This opens up “persister bacteria” in T.B. – mysterious population thought to be why T.B. patients have to be treated for at least 6 months

  19. Statistics • 9 million people develop T.B. a year • 8 million develop active T.B. • 2 million people die from T.B. a year • This includes over 25 000 children • T.B. cases increased 20% in the past decade • About one third of the world’s population is infected with T.B. without knowing it • If this trend continues, 36 million deaths from T.B. by 2020 • 70% of T.B. cases in Canada come from outside the country

  20. ____. (2008). Survival of the Fattest: TB Accumulates Fat to Survive, and to Spread. April 12th, 2008. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080331223818.htm ____. (2008). Tuberculosis. April 10th, 2008. http://www.lung.ca/diseases-maladies/tuberculosis-tuberculose_e.php ____. (n.d). Tuberculosis TB. April 10th, 2008. http://www.mdadvice.com/library/symp/illness539.html Conlogue, Gerald. “Mummy with TB,” April 2002. Online Image. Archaeological Institute of America. 20 May 2008. <http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.archaeology.org/0203/newsbriefs/thumbnails/peru.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.archaeology.org/0203/newsbriefs/peru.html&h=100&w=83&sz=10&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=MrbYabbNCURUVM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=68&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtuberculosis%2Bmummy%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG>. Irons-Georges, Tracy (Ed). (2002) Tuberculosis.Magill’s Medical Guide. (Vol 3 pg. 2317-2322) Salem Press Inc. Mark Newman. (2008). Chedoke Brow Lands Development. April 13th, 2008. http://chedokebrow.ca/chedoke-hospital-history/historical-timeline/ “Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” No Date. Online Image. traumwerk.stanford.edu/archaeolog/2007/05/alp. 20 May 2008. http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/archaeolog/M.tuberculosis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/archaeolog/2007/05/alpine_archaeology_and_paleopa.html&h=256&w=311&sz=66&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=utxxl3l3v6gMlM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtuberculosis%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX “Patient with TB in India,” No Date. Online Image. www.daylife.com/photo/07Gq9qubWo07I. 18 May 2008. http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/07Gq9qubWo07I/340x.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.daylife.com/photo/07Gq9qubWo07I&h=522&w=340&sz=53&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=9cHaRBZp4hfa6M:&tbnh=131&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtuberculosis%2Bdeveloping%2Bcountries%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den “Red Cross Christmas Seal Poster,” No Date. Online Image. www.uh.edu/engines/epi1769.htm. 20 May 2008. http://www.uh.edu/engines/tuberculosis.jpg Routh, Kristina. (2004). Just the Facts; Tuberculosis. Chicago, Illinois: Heinemann Library. “TB infected Tissue,” No Date. Online Image. Nikon MicroscopyU: Human Pathology. 21 May 2008. http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/tuberculosis.html “Tuberculosis Bacteria,” No Date. Online Image. ww2.cnrs.fr/en/523.htm. 16 May 2008. http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www2.cnrs.fr/sites/en/image/i04342_hd.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ww2.cnrs.fr/en/523.htm&h=249&w=350&sz=55&hl=en&start=28&um=1&tbnid=HjOE2KZrMYIMAM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtuberculosis%2Binfection%26start%3D21%26ndsp%3D21%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN “Tuberculosis Affects Many Parts of the Body,” No Date. Online Image. SGH Department of RCCM. 21 May 2008. http://www.sghhealth4u.com.sg/Health4U/respiratory/rccm_content_frameset.html?tuberculosis.htm~preview

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