Understanding

1. Understanding • Atoms, Elements, Compounds & By Lucas Kraschnewski Green Bay Site Lesley University the Periodic Table

2. What is an Atom? * Atoms make up everything *Atoms are the smallest particle (thing) anything can be divided / broken down into * Atoms are the “Building Blocks” of all things

3. What's an atom made of? Remember: Atoms can’t be broken down into smaller things!! However… Each atom is made up of a combination of 3 particles: WARNING: Attempting to break down atoms into smaller particles (Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons) may result in HUGE release of energy!! 1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons Click to see!!

4. Splitting an individual atom is not a real good idea!! • Atoms are super, super, super….. SMALL! • * 1 Penny is made of 20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms!! -So, don’t worry about splitting one with your knife at home and blowing up your house! COMBINING ATOMS TOGETHER FORMS…….

5. Elements * Pure Substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. Pure Substance – is a substance made of only one type of atom FOR EXAMPLE…..

6. Gold The Million $$ Question: HOW DO YOU MAKE GOLD?? SORRY!!! Gold is 1 of only 118 Elements **You can’t make gold!!** Nor can you make any of the other 117 elements Because you can’t put a couple of different things together to make gold, or any other element Gold is a Pure Substance - made of only 1 type of particle (those particles being gold atoms!!) Gold is gold. You can’t make it. It’s made of gold. Gold was just here naturally when we got here!!!

7. These are the only elements found on earth. They are all pure substances. You cannot make any of them. They are all just here naturally! (Ag - above is the symbol for Gold)

8. Here’s how it all works together!! Atoms are put together to make Elements and Elements are put together to make….

9. Compounds * Compounds are pure substances made up of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined - Water is a good example!!

10. Water O H _ 2 - Water is a common compound - Water is made up of 2 different elements 1. Hydrogen (H) REMEMBER: Compounds are pure substances made up of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined! 2. Oxygen (O)

11. * Take a look around you * Most of the things around you are compounds. They are made up of a combination of different elements. Remember – there are only 118 total elements, but MILLIONS and MILLIONS of compounds! Compounds are chemically combined elements: That means the elements that are combined have changed into a new substance when put together. Compounds For Example: WATER (H2O) Is made up of Hydrogen (which is a gas by itself) and Oxygen (which is also a gas by itself). However, when put next to each other, they chemically combine and form a liquid (a new substance)

12. ATOMS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS Pure Substance Pure Substance Pure Substance Smallest Possible Particle Made Up of Many of the Same Atoms Made Up of Different Elements Ex. Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ------------------- Ex. Oxygen, Helium, Gold, Silver

13. Arrangement of the Periodic Table * Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table by increasing Atomic Number - ATOMIC NUMBER: The # of Protons in each atom of that particular element Atomic # “Click” to see how the elements are arranged by increasing atomic number

15. Atomic Number & Parts of Atoms Atoms are made up of 3 particles. Do you remember what they are??? If not….click here Protons Charge: Positive (+) Location: Nucleus Indicated By: Atomic # Neutrons Charge: None (neutral) Location: Nucleus Indicated By: Mass Number - which is total of protons and neutrons in nucleus Electrons Charge: Negative (-) Location: Energy Rings – (around nucleus) Indicated By: Atomic Number

16. Atomic Mass - Refers to size of that particular elements atoms - Is the average TOTAL # OF PROTONS + NEUTRONS - A.K.A Mass Number (Atomic Mass) Carbon for example has 6 protons and 6 neutrons for a total of 12!

17. Atom Structure Let’s Take a Closer Look!! Energy Level Rings * Contain Electrons Ring 1 (closest to nucleus) can hold 2 electrons Ring 2 = 8 Electrons Ring 3 = 8 Electrons Ring 4 = 18 Electrons Ring 5 = 32 Electrons Ring 6 = 64 Electrons Nucleus * Contains Protons and Neutrons

18. Facts / Rules about ALL Atoms 1. Atoms have no overall charge a. They have Protons which have a positive charge (+) (like the positive end of a magnet or battery) b. They have Electrons which have a negative charge (-) However, they ALWAYS have the same number of protons and electrons!!! So, the charges cancel out and the atom as a whole, has no charge. * It works just like adding negative and positive numbers: -3 + 3 = 0 2. The first energy level must be full of electrons (2) before filling the 2nd energy level (8) before filling the 3rd energy level (8) etc. Click Here if you would like to re-examine

19. Look at 1 Atom of the Element Carbon Atomic Number = 6 (So, carbon atoms have 6 protons and 6 electrons) Atomic Mass = 12 (So, carbon atoms have a TOTAL of 12 Protons and Neutrons *Remember we already have 6 Protons, so we need to add in 6 Neutrons) KEY Protons: Neutrons: Electrons:

20. 1 Atom of the Element Oxygen 8 O 16.00 Atomic Number = 8 Atomic Mass = 16 8 Protons and 8 Electrons 8 Protons + (8) Neutrons = 16 Key Protons: Neutrons: Electrons:

21. Compounds Why do elements combine in a certain ratio? For Example – Why is Water H O and not H O or H O etc ? 2 3 4 Because all elements want to be happy!!! And just like you and I, we aren’t happy unless we are full!! What I mean is that elements want their outer energy level ring to be full of electrons.

22. Why is Water (H O)? 2 You have to look at each element individually to understand! 1 H 1.00 1 H 1.00 8 O 16.00 Remember, atoms want their outer energy level filled! The Hydrogen atoms want to gain 1 electron each, to fill their outer level. The Oxygen wants to gain 2 electrons to fill it’s outer level. So…..the 3 of them decide to share!

23. The Compound Water: H O 2 Oxygen Hydrogen and Oxygen share some of their electrons! ( ) * Count the electrons in the outer ring on all 3- Are they full now? YES!!!! All 3 are Full and All 3 are Happy!! Hydrogen Hydrogen

24. The Compound Table Salt : Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Sodium atoms have an extra electron to get rid of. Chlorine atoms want 1 electron. So, Sodium gives the extra one to Chlorine. Now they are both happy. Their outer levels are full!! 11 Na 23.00 17 Cl 35.50

25. Periodic Table Design / Arrangement H He Li Be B C N O F Ne The horizontal rows of elements are called Periods Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo The up and down columns of elements are called GROUPS or FAMILIES

26. Groups / Families Why are certain elements in certain groups or families??? All elements within a group are related: A. There are 18 Groups of elements on the Periodic Table B. They all have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level rings C. They are all similar substances (Shiny Metals, Gases, etc)

27. Group 1 Elements - The Alkali Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne • These elements are all soft, silver-colored, shiny, and have a low density • They all have 1 electron in their outer energy level • They are all metals • They are all very reactive (They only need to get rid of 1 electron) so they will combine with nearly any other element to form a new compound Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

28. Group 2 Elements H He - The Alkaline Earth Metals Li Be B C N O F Ne Mg Na • These elements are all metals • They all have 2 electrons in their outer energy level ring • They are silver colored, but more dense than the Alkali metals • They are reactive, but not quite as reactive as the group 1 elements Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

29. Group 3 - 12 Elements H He - The Transition Metals Li Be B C N O F Ne • These elements are all metals • They are all shiny, good conductors, are very dense, and have high melting points • They all have 1 or 2 electrons in their outer energy level ring Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

30. Group 13 Elements H He - The Boron Group Li Be B C N O F Ne Mg • These elements are all solids at room temperature • They all have 3 electrons in their outer energy level ring • They are all reactive Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

31. Group 14 Elements - The Carbon Group H He Li Be B C N O F Ne • These elements are all solids at room temperature • They all have 4 electrons in their outer energy level ring Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

32. Group 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Group H He Li Be B C N O F Ne • These elements all have 5 electrons in their outer energy level ring • All but Nitrogen are solids at room temperature Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

33. Group 16 Elements H He - The Oxygen Group Li Be B C N O F Ne Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar • These elements all have 6 electrons in their outer energy level ring • They are all reactive • All but oxygen are solids at room temperature K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

34. Group 17 Elements H - The Halogens He Li Be B C N O F Ne • These elements all have 7 electrons in their outer energy level ring • They are all very reactive (they only need to gain 1 electron) • They are all nonmetals • They are poor conductors of electricity, react to form salts, never found uncombined Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

35. Group 18 Elements - The Noble Gases H He Li Be B C N O F Ne • These elements are all nonmetals • Their outer energy levels are all full (8) or (2 for helium) • They are all colorless, odorless gases at room temperature • They are all unreactive (they are full, they don’t combine with other elements) Mg Na Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca SC Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub UUq Uuh Uuo

36. Facts about compounds!! • 1. Group 1 elements combine with group 17 elements because group 1 elements want to lose 1 electron and group 17 elements want to gain 1 electron Ex. NaCl (Table Salt) • * Group 2 combine with Group 16 etc. for the same reason • 2. Compounds form 2 ways: • A. Elements share electrons in order to become full (Water-H2O) • B. Elements exchange electrons in order to become full (Table Salt-NaCl)

37. Element Symbol / Name Reference Page 1 1. H – Hydrogen 2. He – Helium 3. Li-Lithium 4. Be-Beryllium 5. B-Boron 6. C-Carbon 7. N-Nitrogen 8. O-Oxygen 9. F-Fluorine 10. Ne-Neon 11. Na-Sodium 12. Mg-Magnesium 13. Al-Aluminum 14. Si-Silicon 15. P-Phosphorus 16. S-Sulfur 17. Cl-Chlorine 18. Ar-Argon 19. K-Potassium 20. Ca-Calcium 21. Sc-Scandium 22. Ti-Titanium 23. V-Vanadium 24. Cr-Chromium 25. Mn-Manganese 26. Fe-Iron 27. Co-Cobalt 28. Ni-Nickel 29. Cu-Copper 30. Zn-Zinc 31. Ga-Gallium 32. Ge-Germanium 33. As-Arsenic 34. Se-Selenium 35. Br-Bromine 36. Kr-Krypton 37. Rb-Rubidium 38. Sr-Strontium 39. Y-Yttrium 40. Zr-Zirconium 41. Nb-Niobium 42. Mo-Molybdenum 43. Tc-Technetium 44. Ru-Ruthenium 45. Rh-Rhodium 46. Pd-Palladium 47. Ag-Silver 48. Cd-Cadmium 49. In-Indium 50. Sn-Tin 51. Sb-Antimony 52. Te-Tellurium 53. I-Iodine 54. Xe-Xenon 55. Cs-Cesium 56. Ba-Barium 57. La-Lanthanum 58. Ce-Cerium 59. Pr-Praseodymium 60. Nd-Neodymium 61. Pm-Promethium 62. Sm-Samarium 63. Eu-Europium 64. Gd-Gadolinium 65. Tb-Terbium 66. Dy-Dysprosium 67. Ho-Holmium 68. Er-Erbium 69. Tm-Thulium 70. Yb-Ytterbium 71. Lu-Lutetium 72. Hf-Hafnium 73. Ta-Tantalum 74. W-Tungsten 75. Re-Rhenium 76. Os-Osmium 77. Ir-Iridium 78. Pt-Platinum 79. Au-Gold 80. Hg-Mercury 81. Tl-Thallium 82. Pb-Lead 83. Bi-Bismuth 84. Po-Polonium

38. Element Symbol / Name Reference Page 2 85. At-Astatine 86. Rn-Radon 87. Fr-Francium 88. Ra-Radium 89. Ac-Actinium 90. Th-Thorium 91. Pa-Protactinium 92. U-Uranium 93. Np-Neptunium 94. Pu-Plutonium 95. Am-Americium 96. Cm-Curium 97. Bk-Berkelium 98. Cf-Californium 99. Es-Einsteinium 100. Fm-Fermium 101. Md-Mendelevium 102. No-Nobelium 103. Lr-Lawrencium 104. Rf-Rutherfordium 105. Db-Dubnium 106. Sg-Seaborgium 107. Bh-Bohrium 108. Hs-Hassium 109. Mt-Meitnerium 110. Uun*-Ununnilium 111. Uuu*-Unununium 112. Uub*-Ununbium 113. Unnamed 114. Uuq*-Ununquadium 115. Unnamed 116. Uuh*-Ununhexium 117. Unnamed 118. Uuo*-Ununoctium *The official names and symbols for the elements greater than 109 will eventually be approved by a committee of scientists.

39. Review • What is the smallest particle something can be divided into? • How is an element different from a compound? • What does the Atomic Number tell you? • What does the Atomic Mass tell you? • What are the 3 parts of an atom? • Is water an element or compound? How do you know? • What do all elements have in common? • How is the Periodic Table arranged? • Why are certain elements arranged in families / groups? • Why do some elements combine with only a few other elements?

40. Answers • Atoms • Elements are made up of a combination of the same atoms. Compounds are made up of a combination of different elements. • Number of protons • Total number of protons + Neutrons • Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons • Compound; It is made up of 2 different elements (H and O) • They are all pure substances, can’t be created • By increasing Atomic Number • They are all similar, they all have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level ring • Elements only combine with other elements if it will result in both of them being happy (outer energy level full)