Pig Dissection

1. Pig Dissection

2. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20Laboratory/Fetal%20Pig/Fetal%20Pig.htmhttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20Laboratory/Fetal%20Pig/Fetal%20Pig.htm

3. Directional and Anatomical Terminology • Anatomists and morphologists rely on a set of terms to describe structural positions, These may not all be immediately obvious to you, so you should practice using them. The terms are generally presented to you in pairs, as terms are often used to indicate opposing directions.

4. Planes of section. • We can figuratively (or actually) section (=cut) our subject using planes. There are several particular planes of section that are useful for the purposes of discussing anatomy.

5. Anterior - near or toward the head • Posterior - near or toward the tail • Dorsal - referring to the back • Ventral - referring to the belly • Lateral - referring to the side • Median - referring to the midline • Cranial - referring to the head • Caudal - referring to the tail • Proximal - toward the attached end of a structure • Distal - toward the free end of a structure • Longitudinal - in the axis from head to tail • Transverse - across the longitudinal axis • Pectoral - chest or shoulder area • Pelvic - hip region • Inferior- toward or closer to the tail (caudal region) • Superior- toward or closer to the head region

6. Page Pig Book Use color on every page! Points 1 Title Page Names of authors (max of 2) 10 Be creative, use color and make it fun!!! • Basic Anatomical terms 37 Diagram showing 16 terms from the lab color 5pts 3 External anatomy: Diagram of head, neck, trunk, tail. 29 Label=Thorax, Abdomen, Sacral What is inside and out of these sections? How can you tell male from female? color=5pts 4 Internal Anatomy Diagram with parts labeled and umbilical cord drawing 5 Circulatory System: Purpose, flow of blood, structures/functions, diagrams of arteries and veins X section, Heart diagram, path of blood flow, color coded Red = oxygenated Blue= deoxygenated  6 Respiratory System: Purpose, flow of air, structures and functions. Diagram of inspiration and expiration  7 Digestive System: Purpose, path of food, structures and functions  8 Excretory System: Purpose, organs of excretion. Diagram of a cross section of the kidney. Path of flow of nitrogen waste as it is formed and removed from the pig’s body 9 Reproductive System: Purpose, structures and functions Female: structures and how do they work. Male and how do they work 10 Nervous System: Purpose, How is it broken into parts?

7. Anterior - near or toward the head

8. Posterior - near or toward the tail or back

9. Dorsal - referring to the back

10. Ventral - referring to the belly

11. Lateral - referring to the side

12. Median - referring to the midline

13. Cranial - referring to the head Caudal - referring to the tail

14. Proximal - toward the attached end of a structure Distal - toward the free end of a structure

15. Longitudinal - in the axis from head to tail

16. Transverse - across the longitudinal axis • is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. It is perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes.

17. Pectoral - chest or shoulder area

18. Pelvic - hip region

19. Inferior- toward or closer to the tail (caudal region) Superior- toward or closer to the head region • As with vertebrate directional terms, superior and inferior can be used in a relative sense in humans, but can not be uniformly applied to other organisms with varying normal anatomical positions. For example, the shoulders are superior to the navel, but inferior to the eyes in humans. In any tetrapod, the shoulders are cranial to the belly, but caudal to the eyes.

20. sagittal section • The sagittal section,or plane, divides the subject into left and right portions.

21. Mid-sagittal • The mid-sagittal section splits the subject exactly into left and right sides.

22. transverse • A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.

23. Directional Terms: • Anatomists rely on a set of directional terms to explain the orientation of subject material. Although some of the terms are unfamiliar, with practice they will become easier to use, and you will see that “proximal to” is lesser cumbersome than “up the extremity and closer to the middle of the body.”

24. left and right • stated relative to the subject, not relative to the people viewing it

25. anterior (cranial) • towards the front (head) of the animal

26. posterior (caudal) • towards the back (tail) of the animal

27. superior • higher on the subject- typically used on bipeds such humans

28. inferior • lower on subject- also used on subjects such as humans

29. dorsal • towards the back

30. Ventral • towards the belly

31. medial • towards the mid-sagittal section

32. lateral • away from the mid-sagittal section

33. proximal • towards the mid-sagittal section along a limb

34. distal • away from the mid-sagittal section along a limb

35. External Anatomy • The body consists of the following regions: head, neck, trunk, and tail. The 2 pairs of appendages present on the trunk are the fore legs and hind legs. The cord projecting from the ventral surface is the umbilical cord. This cord connects the fetal pig to the placenta within the uterus of the mother pig.

36. Pig Book

37. 1Title Page Names of authors (max of 2) Be creative, use color and make it fun!!! 2Basic Anatomical terms Diagram showing 16 terms from the lab 3External anatomy: Diagram of head, neck, trunk, tail. Thorax (what is inside?) Abdomen (what is inside?) Sacral (what is here?) How can you tell male from female?

38. 4Internal Anatomy Diagram with parts labeled and umbilical cord drawing 5Circulatory System: Purpose, flow of blood, structures/functions, diagrams of arteries and veins X section, Heart diagram, path of blood flow, color coded Red = oxygenated Blue= deoxygenated 6Respiratory System: Purpose, flow of air, structures and functions. Diagram of inspiration and expiration 7Digestive System: Purpose, path of food, structures and functions 8Excretory System: Purpose, organs of excretion. Diagram of a cross section of the kidney. Path of follow of nitrogen waste as it is formed and removed from the pig’s body. 9Reproductive System: Purpose, structures and functions Female: structures and how do they work. Male and how do they work 10Nervous System: Purpose, How is it broken into parts?

39. Fetal Pig Dissection • Objectives: Upon completion of this lab students should • Be able to identify, and know the names and functions major structures of the fetal pig's external anatomy. • Be able to identify, and know the names and functions of the major structures of the fetal pig's internal gross anatomy.

40. The fetal pigs that we will use in lab were purchased from a Biological supply company. They obtain fetal pigs from processing plants - the unborn pigs are removed from the uteri of slaughtered sows.

41. The period of pregnancy (gestation) in pigs is about 17 weeks (compared to 40 weeks in humans). • The fetal pigs we will use in class are 3-4 weeks from birth. You will work in groups on the fetal pigs. Each group of students will be given a fetal pig to be used for the labs on pig dissection. • Attach a tag with your names (in pencil) to one of the hind legs for future identification.

42. Note the slit in the skin in the neck region of the pig. (ours were not injected) • This is the area where the circulatory system of the pig was injected with latex (red latex in the arterial system, blue latex in the venous system) to make it easier to see and trace the blood vessels.

43. Page 2 • Anterior - near or toward the head • Posterior - near or toward the tail • Dorsal - referring to the back • Ventral - referring to the belly • Lateral - referring to the side • Median - referring to the midline • Cranial - referring to the head • Caudal - referring to the tail • Proximal - toward the attached end of a structure • Distal - toward the free end of a structure • Longitudinal - in the axis from head to tail • Transverse - across the longitudinal axis • Pectoral - chest or shoulder area • Pelvic - hip region • Inferior- toward or closer to the tail (caudal region) • Superior- toward or closer to the head region

44. External Anatomy • Page 3 draw a diagram of the main parts • Place the pig on its side in the pan and note that the body consists of the following regions: • head, neck, trunk, and tail. • The 2 pairs of appendages present on the trunk are the fore legs and hind legs. The cord projecting from the ventral surface is the umbilical cord. • This cord connects the fetal pig to the placenta within the uterus of the mother pig.

45. The head bears the mouth and jaws, the snout (nose), the external nostrils (nares), the eyes, and the external ears. Feel the relatively thick neck in the fetal pig. This thickness is due to the presence of well-developed neck muscles that will eventually be used for rooting.

46. The cranial portion of the trunk is called the thorax (chest) and is encased by the ribs. Feel the ribs under the skin and determine the posterior border of the thorax. The thorax contains the lungs, heart, and major blood vessels. • The fore legs are found in the thoracic region. The parts of each of these appendages as well as those of the hind legs (in the sacral region) are the upper leg, lower leg, wrist, foot, and toes (digits). • Examine the digits present on the legs and note that only 2 of the 5 digits found in most terrestrial vertebrates are present. The first toe (corresponding to our thumb) has been lost; the second and fifth toes are reduced, with only the third and fourth toes being fully developed.

47. The caudal portion of the trunk is called the abdomen. • In contrast to the thorax, the ventral portion of the abdomen is soft. The umbilical cord is located near the posterior end of the abdomen. There are 2 rows of teats (mammary papillae), one on either side of the umbilical cord. The stomach, intestine, kidneys, and other viscera (soft internal organs) are found within the abdominal cavity.

48. The sacral region includes the hind legs, pelvic bones, and their attachment to that area of the vertebral column. • The anus (posterior opening of the digestive tract) is located under the tail. • In female pigs, the vulva (openings of the reproductive and urinary tracts) is found just below the anus. • In male pigs, the external opening of the penis is located posterior to the umbilical cord. The scrotum (scrotal sacs) are found on either side of the midline of the anus.

49. Page 3

50. Internal Anatomy Page 4 • For the dissection of the fetal pig you will need string, a scissors, a sharp scalpel, a blunt probe, a forceps, and dissecting pins. • The definition of dissecting is to separate the body into parts for the purpose of study. This means that your scissors and scalpel should be used sparingly and with care. The most useful dissecting instrument is a blunt probe, which can be used to separate organs from membranes.