Physiology 1B

1. Physiology 1B Ben Juwvipart Matt Taylor Alexander Gelland

2. Nervous System 35-2 Vocab • Specialized Cells- Uniquely suited to perform a particular function. • Nervous Tissue- Transmits Nerve impulses throughout the body • Homeostasis- Keeping internal environment stable. • Feedback inhibition- process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus. • Neurons-Cells that transmit electrical signals called impulses. • Cell Body- The largest part of the neuron. • Dendrite-Carry impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body. • Myelin sheath- surrounds a single long axons. • Synapse-Location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell. • Neurotransmitters- chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

3. Nervous System 35-2 to 35-5 Vocab • Cerebrum-Responsible for the voluntary activities of the brain. • Cerebellum-coordinates balance. • Brain Stem-Connects brain and spinal cord. • Thalamus-Relays info to proper region of brain • Hypothalamus-Control center for recognition and analysis of stimulations. • Reflex-quick automatic response to a stimulus. • Sensory Receptors- React to a specific stimulus. • Drug- Any substance other than food that changes the structure or function of the body.

4. Endocrine System Vocab39-1 • Hormones: Chemicals released in one part of the body. • Target Cells: Cells that have a receptor for a particular hormone. • Gland: An organ that produces and releases a substance or secretion. • Exocrine Glands: Release their secretions through ducts directly to their corresponding organs. • Endocrine Glands: Release their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream. • Prostaglandins: Modified fatty acids that all body cells besides red blood cells produce. They generally only affect nearby cells and tissue.

5. Endocrine System Vocab39-2 Pituitary Gland: A bean sized structure that dangles on a slender stalk of tissue at the base of the skull. Diabetes Mellitus: A condition were the pancreas fails to produce or properly use insulin. Ovaries: The female gonads which produce eggs. Testes: The male gonads which produce sperm.

6. Nervous System Concepts • Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. Homeostasis in the body is maintained by feedback loops. • The Nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. • The central nervous system relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information. • The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system transmits impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system. The motor division transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands. • Stimulants increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. In addition, stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain.

7. Endocrine System Concepts39-1 • The endocrine system is made up of glands that release their products into the bloodstream. These products deliver messages throughout the body. • The endocrine system releases hormones that affect the activities of other cells. • Endocrine glands produce hormones that affect many parts of the body. • Like most systems of the body, the endocrine system is regulated by feedback mechanisms that function to maintain homeostasis.

8. Endocrine System Concepts39-2 • The pituitary gland releases nine hormones that regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands. • The pituitary gland, which controls many other glands, is located below the hypothalamus in the brain. • The hypothalamus controls the secretions of the pituitary gland. • The thyroid gland has the major role in regulating the body’s metabolism. • Hormones produced by the thyroid gland and the parathyroid glands maintain the level of calcium in the blood. • The adrenal glands release hormones that help the body prepare for and deal with stress. • Insulin and glucagon help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable. • The gonads serve two important functions: the production of gametes and the secretion of sex hormones.

9. Nervous System Diagrams

10. Nervous System Flow Chart

11. Endocrine System Diagrams

12. Multiple Choice Questions 1.)What part of the brain is vision associated with? a.) Occipital Lobe b.) Parietal Lobe c.) Frontal Lobe 2.)Is fight or flight a(n) a.) Somatic response b.) Autonomic response 3.)The space that a signal from a stimulus has to cross in order to get the brain is called a a.) Neuron b.) Synapse c.) Myelin Sheath d.) Neurotransmitter

13. 4.) Which system relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information? a.) Peripheral Nervous System b.) Endocrine System c.) Analytical System d.) Central Nervous System 5.) The Axon terminal connects with the neighboring cells called a(n) a.) Dendrite b.) Axon c.) Nucleus d.) Myelin Sheath

14. Multiple Choice 6) What does the pituitary gland do? • Release hormones that regulate the body. • Helps you see better. • Regulates glucose levels 7) What does the hypothalamus gland do? • Helps regulate metabolism. • Controls secretions of the pituitary gland. • Help deal with stress. 8) What does insulin and glucagon do? a. Help maintain proper level of glucose. b. Prepare for and control stress. c. Maintain levels of calcium. 9) Cells that have receptors for hormones are called: • Receptor cells • Receiving cells • Target cells 10) The exocrine system • Releases secreted hormones directly into the bloodstream. • Regulates the metabolism so that food does not go to waste. • Release their secretions through ducts directly into their corresponding organs.

15. Answers 1-A 2-B 3-B 4-D 5-A 6-A 7-A 8-A 9-C 10-C