Energy Use in the United States. What percentage of the World’s population lives in the United States? 5%. How many passenger vehicles are there in the United States? ~211 million. What percentage of the world’s oil reserves does the U.S. have? 2%.
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Resources • Renewable • Can be replenished overly a fairly short period of time Nonrenewable take millions of years to form and accumulate
Fossil Fuels Any hydrocarbon that may be used as a source of energy. 90% of energy used in USA comes from fossil fuels !!!!!!
What is Coal? • Made from decayed plant material from millions of years ago (usually in swamps) • Transformed by weathering, erosion, and heat pressure • Main resource power plants use to produce electricity
Fossil Fuels: Coal • NONRENEWABLE • Located underground • Burned to make electricity • U.S. has largest coal reserves in world • Produces half the electricity in the U.S.
Petroleum (Oil) -NONRENEWABLE • Formed from remains of tiny sea plants and animals – LIQUID • Found underground • Refined into different fuels which are burned to produce heat • Majority used for transportation
Oil Trap • A layer of impermeable rock causes the oil/gas to become trapped … we tap into these reserves
Petroleum Issues • Burning can cause air pollution and carbon dioxide • Drilling and transporting can damage land and water if leaks and spills
Important Petroleum Facts • U.S. uses more petroleum than any other energy source • We do not produce enough to meet our needs • We import 2/3 of the petro that we use from foreign countries • Middle East has the majority of the world’s reserves
Natural Gas • Found in underground rock formations • Burn to produce heat • Used in industry, homes/businesses, and power plants to produce products, heating, and electricity
Natural Gas Issues • Clean burning fossil fuel • Does produce some air pollution and carbon dioxide • Interesting fact: an odorant that smells like rotten eggs is added to natural gas so leaks can be detected
Tar Sands • Mixtures of clay and sand combined with water and varying amounts of bitumen, a heavy black viscous oil. • Tar sands can be mined and processed to extract the oil-rich bitumen, which is then refined into oil.
Tar Sand Drawbacks • Causes significant land disturbances • Requires large amounts of water to process • Large amounts of contaminated water and sediment accumulate in toxic disposal ponds • Accounts for 15% of Canada’s oil production
Oil Shale • Oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing petroleum-like solids • ½ of worlds supply is in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming • Unprofitable to mine and not as efficient as crude oil
Mineral Resources • Deposits of useful minerals that can be extracted • Mineral reserves - deposits from which minerals can be extracted profitably • Ore – useful metallic mineral that can be mined for a profit
Mineral Deposits • Must be profitable to extract • Large deposits known but unprofitable to extract them • Deposits are associated with the Rock Cycle
Mineral Deposits • Most important mineral deposits form through igneous processes and from hydrothermal solutions.
Igneous Processes • Form most metallic mineral deposits by settling at the bottom of the magma chamber as it cools • Gold • Silver • Copper • Lead • Mercury • Platinum • nickel
Hydrothermal Solutions • Form from hot, metal-rich fluids that are left during the late stages of movement and cooling of magma – ex. Gold, silver, mercury
Secondary Mineral Deposition • Placer Deposits • Eroded minerals are moved by water and settle on the inside, cracks and depressions of streams
Nonmetallic Resources • Extracted and processed for either the nonmetallic elements they contain or for their physical and chemical properties • Examples: • Fertilizers • Limestone • Sand, gravel, etc..
What is mining? • Mining is extracting ore or minerals from the ground • An ore is a natural material with a high concentration of economically valuable minerals that can be mined for a profit
Types of Mines • There are two main types of mines. 1) Surface Mining 2) Subsurface Mining
Surface Mining • Mineral deposits are on or near the surface of the Earth and are removed. • There are 3 types of surface mines: • Open-pit: removes large, near surface deposits of minerals such as gold and copper. Mined downward in layers • Quarries: stone, crushed rock, sand, gravel • Strip Mining: removing surface coal in strips up to 50 m wide x 1 Km long
Reclamation • Mining can destroy or disturb habitats • Waste products can pollute water systems • When a mine is no longer being used, the land should be returned to its original state or better = Reclamation • Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975
Reclamation Mine Albert, Quebec, before and after reclamation. Government of Quebec http://www.abandoned-mines.org/home-e.htm
Why do we need mines? • Houses • Cars • Toothpaste • Plumbing • Wiring • Planes • Electronics • Jewelry • Glass If we can’t grow it, it has to be mined!
Alternative Energy Sources • World’s population is increasing and our need for resources is increasing as well • Most resources we use are nonrenewable so we need to develop alternative energy sources
Solar Energy • Uses sun’s rays to supply heat or electricity • Fuel is free and non-polluting
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