310 likes | 318 Vues
HIV Prevention for Patients and the Community. HAIVN Harvard Medical School AIDS Initiative in Vietnam. Learning Objectives. By the end of this session, participants should be able to: Identify the 3 routes of HIV transmission List 4 factors that can reduce the sexual transmission of HIV
E N D
HIV Prevention for Patients and the Community HAIVN Harvard Medical School AIDS Initiative in Vietnam
Learning Objectives By the end of this session, participants should be able to: • Identify the 3 routes of HIV transmission • List 4 factors that can reduce the sexual transmission of HIV • Counsel a patient on how to use condoms and how to inject safely • Explain risk of mother to child transmission of HIV
Why should be concerned about HIV prevention? • HIV is a communicable disease, thus affects individuals and the entire community • The best way to stop the HIV epidemic in Vietnam is through prevention • HIV is 100% preventable • Our patients and their families: • have many questions about HIV transmission and prevention • trust nurses and listen to your advice
Estimated HIV Risk for a Single Exposure to HIV+ Source CDC, MMWR, 2005
Characterizes of HIV Transmission • In order for HIV to be spread, these infected fluids need to be exposed to: • a mucous membrane (vagina, eye, mouth) • broken skin • blood (needle stick, infusion) • HIV is DIFFICULT to contract, spread only through exposure to certain bodily fluids: • blood • semen • vaginal secretions • breast milk
How is HIV not spread? • HIV is NOTtransmitted through casual contact such as: • Hugging or kissing • Coughing or sneezing • Sharing utensils, cups or bowls • Sharing toilets • Swimming pools • Insect bites
HIV Transmission and Prevention through Blood/Parental Sources
Factors Increasing HIV Transmission through IDU • Lack of access to: • clean syringes: • Use of previously used syringes during injection drug use • effective drug abuse treatment (methadone) • Concurrent sexual risk behavior
Reduce HIV transmission among IDU:Nurses’ Role(1) Recognize drug use: • Ask all patients about drug use • Recommend HIV testing for IDU
Reduce HIV transmission among IDU:Nurses’ Role(2) Help IDU reduce their risks: • Educate patients on HIV transmission • Educate them to: • Use of new needles and syringes • or clean needles and syringes • Do not share of needles and syringes • Provide free needles and syringes to IDU • Refer or provide treatment for drug addiction
Reduce HIV transmission among IDU: Nurses’ Role (3) Educate patients how to clean needles: • 2 x 2 x 2 (water, bleach, water) • Bleach (ideally) for 30 seconds each pass • If no bleach, alcohol OK (but not wine or beer) • Boiling x 5 – 10 minutes also kills HIV • If can’t use bleach, alcohol, or boil, then recommend using clean water: • 30 seconds each time x 3 times
Sexual Transmission of HIV (1) • HIV is concentrated in semen in men, vaginal secretions in women • HIV is more easily transmitted from the insertive to the receptive partner • Man to woman during vaginal sex • Man to man or woman during anal sex • Oral sex with ejaculation or during menses
Sexual Transmission of HIV (2) • Risk of transmission: • Higher if HIV viral load in the infected partner is high • depends on route of sex: Oral << Vaginal < Anal Low risk high risk
Sexual Transmission of HIV (3) Risk of transmission is associated with the HIV viral load in the infected partner. *chưa gặp ở bệnh nhân HIV <1500c/ml *There were no tx seen in patients with HIV < 1500 c/ml Quin, T et al. N Engl J Med 2000. 342” 921 -9
Factors IncreasingSexual Transmission of HIV • More sexual partners (FSW, MSM) • Sex: • during menses • with the presence of STDs- especially genital ulcers • through anal (no natural lubrication) • Rough or “dry” sex • Female douching after sex • Use of chemical spermicides • Nonoxynol-9 (N-9)
Factors ReducingSexual Transmission of HIV • Fewer Sexual Partners • Condom use • Non-penetrative sex (masturbation) • Male circumcision: • 61% reduction in acquiring HIV infection among circumcised man *Auvert B. 2005.
Take a Sexual History (1) • Helps you to understand the patient’s risk and provide correct counseling on prevention • Allows the patient to ask questions about sexual behavior that they might have been ashamed to bring up
Take a Sexual History (2) • Sexual history should be taken: • In a private room, with only the patient and nurse present • Be attentive and use non-judgmental attitude • Advise the patient that: • you will ask some personal or difficult questions • all information is confidential
Take a Sexual History (3) • Ask detailed questions about the patient’s sexual behavior • number and type of partners • route of sexual activity (oral, vaginal, anal) • homosexual sex (MSM) • condom and lubricant use
Provide Information • Provide information to patients on: • risks for sexual transmission of HIV • safe sexual behavior • condom and lubricant use (provide them freely, when possible)
Assist the Patient Encourage and assist the patient in: • disclosing their HIV infection to their partner(s). This will facilitate: • condom use and • HIV testing of the partner(s). • seek treatment for STDs • ARV treatment: • Patients on ARV have lower HIV viral loads thus, a lower risk of transmitting the infection
HIV Transmission: Mother To Child (1) • Transmission from mother to child can occur: • in utero • during delivery • post-partum through breast milk
Preventing HIV Transmission from Mother To Child • Providing HIV counseling and testing to all pregnant women • Pregnant woman with criteria for ARV treatment should be: • started on triple-ARV therapy at the HIV OPC as soon as possible • and also referred to the PMTCT program • Pregnant woman without criteria for ARV should be referred to the PMTCT program for prophylactic ARV • Babies born to HIV infected women should not breastfeed, if powdered milk and clean water are available
Key Points • The 3 routes of HIV transmission are: blood, sex and mother to child. • Disposable needles help reduce HIV transmission though IDU • Sexual transmission reduces if safe sex is practiced • Pregnant woman with criteria for ARV treatment should be started on triple-ARV therapy at the HIV OPC as soon as possible
Thank you! Question?