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Resources

Resources. Resources. Natural Resources Human Resources Infrastructure Technology. A. Natural Resources. Income from resource extraction can technically lead to higher GDP per hour…. Oil Reserves. Link to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012. Resource Curse.

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Resources

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  1. Resources

  2. Resources • Natural Resources • Human Resources • Infrastructure • Technology

  3. A. Natural Resources Income from resource extraction can technically lead to higher GDP per hour…..

  4. Oil Reserves Link to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012

  5. Resource Curse • Some scholars argue that countries “blessed” with large endowment of mineral resources suffer slow growth. • Creates social conflict over control of natural resources. • Leads to unaccountable government. • Ex 1. Conflict Diamonds Link

  6. Ex. 2 Nauru (pop. 8000) Link Significant deposits of phosphates and small population made this one of the wealthiest societies in world in 1970’s. But phosphates ran out.. • Country never developed internal sources of productivity unemployment rate 90% • National gov’t corrupt and wasteful, bankrupt and completely dependent on multinational aid

  7. Is the resource curse true? • Recent studies question these results, but findings suggest that positive productivity spillovers to non-resource industries are questionable. (Link Requires registration) • Chad –Doba Basin

  8. Chad and Resource Development

  9. NFI Across Countries Source: United Nations Main Aggregates Database

  10. Tropical Countries and Development David Bloom and Jeffrey D.Sachs, 1999, “Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa,” Brookings Papers on Economic ActivityLink

  11. Tropics & GDP

  12. Tropics and Development • Health risks worse in tropical areas. • Soil quality lower. • Agricultural technology does not translate from rich temperate zones to tropics. • Relative lack of navigable rivers.

  13. Malaria

  14. Agriculture Productivity

  15. Earth Institute Link

  16. Scale Economies & Poverty Traps Land Productivity Development occurs through stages but African conditions prevent the most basic stage from generating enough returns to move to the next stage. Subsistence Scale

  17. Millennium Villages • Millennium Project – Intensive intervention in health, education, knowledge and infrastructure at the village level to get citizens out of the trap. Link

  18. Poverty Indicators DecreasingSub-saharan Africa

  19. Growth Acceleration

  20. B. Human Capital • Measures skill, education level of the work force. • General (broad primary & secondary education & health) or specific skills (technical skills obtained at tertiary level).

  21. By 2005, average in 25-29 cohort was 12.2 yrs compared with 13.4 years in USA http://www.barrolee.com/

  22. Education • Literacy Rates: WDI • Years of Education Barro-Lee Dataset Link • Quality of Education: OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Summary DataEducation Data

  23. Link Population by age, sex and urban/rural residence Aging Population Structure

  24. Population Structure and Employment

  25. Birth rate Natural increase Death rate Time Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths. The Classic Demographic TransitionModel Link Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

  26. Stages of Demographic Transition • Low Population Growth. High Birth Rates, High Death Rates • Population Growth Explosion. Medical Advances slow mortality rates, high population growth. • Slowing Population Growth. Educational Advances slow birth rates. • Low Population Growth. Low Birth Rates, Low Death Rates

  27. World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision Volume II – Demographic Profiles Link Japan

  28. United Nations Data

  29. Fertility Rates • Age-specific fertility rate: Number of Births to women of a specific age per women/years of that age. • Total Fertility Rates: Sum of Age-specific fertility rates from 15-49 • Longer-term ratio of average number of children • Replacement Ratio: • 2.1 Developed Economy, • 2.3 Globally United Nations Data

  30. High Income OECD

  31. C. Infrastructure http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators

  32. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicatorshttp://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators

  33. Link

  34. D. Technology Capacity • Capacity for scientific advance measurable along a number of dimensions. UNESCO Data Link

  35. Technical Workforce Link

  36. http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/reports.htm

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