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The Digestive System

The digestive system is essential for processing food, absorbing nutrients, and excreting waste. It begins in the mouth, where salivary glands aid in digestion. The pharynx and esophagus transport food to the stomach, which breaks it down further. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, while the large intestine focuses on water absorption and waste processing. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder also play crucial roles in digestion. Understanding the common disorders, like GERD and peptic ulcers, is vital for maintaining digestive health.

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The Digestive System

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  1. The Digestive System By Chris Schneider

  2. The Digestive System • Brings in food • Absorbs nutrients • Excretes waste

  3. Digestive System Functions • Mouth • The beginning • Salivary glands are triggered by the smell of food and the saliva starts to digest the food in the mouth • “Juices” are produced to help with the digestion also

  4. Digestive System Functions • Pharynx and Esophagus • Pharynx receives food from the mouth • Esophagus carries food to the stomach • Muscular tube from the trachea to the stomach

  5. Digestive System Functions • Stomach • Stomach is a sac like organ with muscular walls • Stomach secretes acid and strong enzymes that continue the process of breaking down food

  6. Digestive System • Small Intestine • Made up of three parts • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum • Breaks down food using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver • Nutrients are absorbed into the walls

  7. Digestive System Functions • Large Intestine (Colon) • Made up of Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, the Descending Colon • The second part of the alimentary canal • Main function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food • Certain vitamins are taking through the walls • Processes waste so that excretion is easier

  8. Digestive System Functions • Rectum • The rectum is an 8 inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus • Receives stool from the colon • Lets the person know there is stool to be evacuated • Holds the stool until evacuation happens

  9. Digestive System Functions • Anus • The last part of the Digestion System • Consists of muscles that line the pelvis and two other muscles called anal sphincters • Provides control on stool

  10. Digestive System Functions • Liver • Makes and excretes an important substance called bile • Processes the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients absorbed • Purifies the blood

  11. Digestive System Functions • Pancreas • Chief factory for digestive enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum • The enzymes break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

  12. Digestive System Functions • Gallbladder • Storage sac for bile • Waits for signal to send more bile • Bile helps absorb fat in the diet • Bile also carries waste from the liver that cannot go through the kidneys

  13. Digestive System • Organs that food passes through vs. the accessory organs • Accessory organs create the bile and enzymes needed to break down food • Organs that food passes through actually break down the food with the bile and enzymes from the accessory organs

  14. Digestive System • Physical Digestion vs. Chemical Digestion • Physical Digestion • Starts with the cutting of food with a knife and fork • The teeth take over to grind food into small particles to be swallowed • Also includes paristalsis which is the churning of food down the digestive track • Chemical Digestion • Proteins, carbohydrates, and far molecules are too large to be absorbed into the blood steam so these chemicals break them down

  15. Digestive System • Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion • Proteins are digested in the stomach, fats in the small intestine, and carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth, and continues in the upper stomache • Amylase digests carbohydrates in the mouth partially • Pepsin breaks down proteins in the stomach • Bile salts emulsify fats and oils into droplets, allowing enzymes to attack • Pancreatic juice might also enter the small intestine to help with digestion, and these include proteases, lipases, and amylases

  16. Digestive System Disorders • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) • A chronic symptom of mucosal damge caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus • Symptoms • Heart burn, Regurgitation, Trouble Swallowing • In western populations, the prevalence range for GERD is 10% to 20% of the population • Treatment • Diet • Avoid Smoking and Drinking • A number of medications are proved to treat GERD • Proton Pump Inhibitors • Antacids • Alginic Acid

  17. Digestive System Disorders • Peptic Ulcers • Open sores that develop on the insides of your esophagus, stomach, and upper portion of the small intestine • Symptoms • Pain is the most common • Worse when your stomach is empty • Flare at night • Vomiting of blood • Prevalence Roughly matches age • i.e. 20 years old 20%, 80 years old 80% • Treatment Options • Antacids • Bismuth compounds • Prostoglandin Analogue

  18. Digestive System Bibliography • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001311/ • http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-system • http://www.johnmccraess.ocdsb.ca/teachers/box/digestionweb/PhysChemlDigest.html • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/peptic-ulcer/DS00242/DSECTION=complications

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