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Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera. What are PROKARYOTES ?. They are ancient life forms. known as bacteria. No true nucleus. No chloroplasts. No mitochondria other organelles. Two major classes of bacteria. TEM of dividing cell. Archaebacteria. & Eubacteria.

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Kingdom Monera

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  1. Kingdom Monera What are PROKARYOTES? They are ancient life forms known as bacteria • No true nucleus • No chloroplasts • No mitochondria other organelles Two major classes of bacteria TEM of dividing cell Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) & other Methanogens Extreme Thermophiles Extreme Halophiles Gram negative bacteria Gram positive bacteria

  2. PHYCOLOGY SLIDE SHOW • THE FOLLOWING ARE • DIVISION • CYANOPHYTA-Blue green algae

  3. CYANOBACTERIA - the ‘Blue-Green Algae are in the kingdom monera

  4. Some Characteristics of the Cyanobacteria * Contain Chlorophyll a and carotenoids, plus the phycobilins (proteinaceous photosynthetic pigments) phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (c f. Rhodophyta), found in thylakoids * Have cell walls of peptidoglycan, often with a mucilaginous sheath * The carbohydrate stored is glycogen * No flagella, but some exhibit gliding movements * Some fix nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts

  5. In some genera the mucilaginous sheath forms a gelatinous matrix Gelatinous matrix Individual cells Gloeocapsa Filaments of Nostoc commune forming a gelatinous ball

  6. Division Cyanophyta Bacteriathat are: • Photosynthetic (convert • light energy to food) • Produce O2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis • Some produce toxins TEM of dividing cell • Some have capacity to fix N2 into NH4 • Some have formed millions of years old • stromatolitesas living structures Cyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earth

  7. General features Habitats: virtually everywhere Ancient organisms but well suited to earth’s habitats Oceans Freshwater 2000 species, 150 genera Soil Hotsprings Epiphytes Endophytes Morphological Range: Unicells to complex multicell organisms Cell Walls: Gram negative bacteria Trichodesmium blooms can cover 2x106 km2 and be seen via satellites NASA

  8. Diversity

  9. DIVISION CYANOPHYTA CLASS-CYANOPHYCEAE ORDER-CHROOCOCCALES Gloeocapsa Merismopedia microcystis ORDER-OSCILATORIALES Oscilatoria Lyngbya Nostoc Anabaena

  10. Diversity Order Chroococcales Microcystis Merismopedia

  11. Diversity Order Nostocales

  12. Growth & morphology Order Nostocales False branching : 1. Rupture of sheath and cells 2. Remaining cells at both ends continue to grow 3. Both trichomes push through weakened sheath What to look for? Is there a change in the plane of cell division?

  13. New Cell Types Order Nostocales polar heterocysts Nitrogen fixation supports protein synthesis 1. Low N in environment 2. Cell differentiates as a specialized cell, the heterocyst 3. Creates setting for Nitrogenase enzyme 4. Enzyme converts N2 NH4+

  14. Growth & morphology Order Nostocales Nitrogen fixation & Azolla in rice fields replace fertilizers 1. Low N in environment 2. Heterocysts differentiate 3. Enzyme converts N2 NH4+ 4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer 5. Rice fields are more productive intercalary heterocysts

  15. Other cell types Order Nostocales Akinete Anabaena

  16. Cool stuff Order Nostocales

  17. Blue green algae

  18. merismopedia

  19. oscillatoria

  20. gloeocapsa

  21. Nostoc

  22. Nostoc

  23. Nostoc

  24. Anabaena

  25. Anabaena

  26. Anabaena

  27. Anabaena

  28. THE END

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