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Lecture 5 Agricultural Practices of Malaysia

Lecture 5 Agricultural Practices of Malaysia. Introduction. Agriculture contributions in economy growth: 1957 :45% GDP; 80.3% employment. 2010 : 7.52% GDP; 11.8% employment. In 9 th Malaysia Plan : Third engine of growth. Historical Development of Malaysian Agriculture.

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Lecture 5 Agricultural Practices of Malaysia

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  1. Lecture 5Agricultural Practices of Malaysia

  2. Introduction Agriculture contributions in economy growth: 1957 :45% GDP; 80.3% employment. 2010 : 7.52% GDP; 11.8% employment. In 9th Malaysia Plan: Third engine of growth.

  3. Historical Development of Malaysian Agriculture Pre-independence: Rubber plantations. Ex: Dunlop; Guthrie; Harrisons and Crossfield. Follows by: Tea, cocoa, coffee. Malay: rice, fruits and other crops.

  4. During Pre-independence Coffee plantation Rubber plantation http://www.lgm.gov.my/general/NRHistory.aspx Paddy http://www.myfareast.org/Malaysia/photos.html Tea plantation http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Malaysia.html

  5. Post-Independence (1957-1970) FELDA and FELCRA Smallholders : subsistence crops cash crops. New Economic Policy (1970-1984): Addressed income disparity between races by: intensifying and expanding FELDA & FELCRA program. Subsidies for rice. Rubber smallholding organized efficiently by RISDA. Malaysia was top producers for Natural Rubber and Palm oil http://www.felcra.com.my/home http://www.felda.net.my/feldav3/ http://www.risda.gov.my/web/guest/home

  6. 1st National Agricultural Policy (NAP) (1984- 1991) Objective: Linking agricultural production with agro-based industries 2nd NAP (1992-2010) Address issues on: labour and capital competition. Increase efficiency and productivity

  7. NAP 3 (1998-2010) Introduced product-based approach and ensuring food security. Agriculture land Use 2004:, 6.2 million ha for agriculture 60.6% for oil palm 20% for rubber.

  8. Agriculture Land Use

  9. Malaysian Agriculture’s Characteristics 1. Estate Highly commercialized Efficiently managed Land larger than 40.5ha or 100 acres. Owned by private companies or public land development agencies. Involve in : cocoa, rubber and oil palm

  10. Rubber estate in Tanjung Tualang, Perak (http://ipoh.olx.com.my/rubber-estate-for-sale-in-tanjung-tualang-perak-malaysia-freehold-iid-155520120) Palm oil estate in Malaysia (http://www.glenealy.com.my/company_overview.html)

  11. 2. Small holder Less commercialized Average farm size 1.45ha Crops: rice, fruits and vegetables Dragon fruit & star fruit farm in Malaysia (http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=27017) Small scale Tropical fruit farm in Malaysia (http://anyonecaneat.com/2011/07/19/heaven-and-hell-on-a-tropical-fruit-farm-penang-malaysia/)

  12. Industrial Crops 1. Oil Palm (Elaeisguianeensis) Largest planted crop in Malaysia Origin: Sierra Leone, Africa First planted in Malaysia in 1917. Harvested at 25-30 months after planting Economic life span: 20 years Malaysia: 39% for palm oil production & 44% for exports

  13. Fruit Bunches: weight 15-28kg/bunch Kernel Pulp Fruit’s pulp (palm oil) & Kernel (palm kernel oil) 100kg of fruit bunches produces: 22kg palm oil & 1.7kg palm kernel oil 60% plantation: 40% small holders Contributed 10% of Malaysia’s total export value

  14. 2. RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis) • First major plantation crop • Introduced in 1877, from Amazon Basin, Brazil. • Dominant plantation for 80 years. • Second major crop in the country • Factors to switched to oil palm: • Declining price • Increasing cost production • Declining labour • 97% planted by smallholder

  15. 3. COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) • 4th largest crop in the country • 1981: 409,348 ha • 1995: 248,380 ha • 2007:172,000 • Factors for area declining • Palm oil for cooking • Low income • Small farm size • Labour Value-added products to rejuvenate the coconut industry: Virgin coconut oil(VCO) RM40-150/kg Used for: Skin care, hair care, general good health and antimicrobial

  16. Workers pruning cocoa plants in Sabah Malaysia (http://miraimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000J8G._8fuHcI) 4. COCOA (Theobroma cacao) Most planting areas in Sabah Processing in Peninsular Malaysia Malaysia cocoa special characteristic: High melting point Planting area reducing, processing increasing. 5th largest cocoa processor in the world

  17. Other Industrial Crops COFFEE Smallholder in Johor and Selangor. Types: Liberica; Robusta; Arabica SUGARCANE In Perlis and Kedah Fulfilled only 10% local consumption. Import from Australia, Fiji and Thailand TEA In Cameron Highlands, Selangor and Perak Type grown: Assam

  18. RICE (Oryza sativa) • 3rd largest planted crop in the coutnry Mainly in Peninsular Malaysia at 8 granary areas: • Kuala Muda in Kedah/Perlis (MADA) • Kemubu, Kelantan (KADA) • Seberang Perai, Penang • Kerian/ Sg Manik, Perak • Barat Laut, Selangor • Kemasin Semarak, Bachok / Kota Bahru • Besut, Terengganu (KETARA) • Seberang Perak • Contributed 70% of national rice production • 15% rice from non-irrigated area (Sabah and Sarawak)

  19. FRUITS • Small holders industry with 270,000 farmers. • Area planted is increasing since 1985 until now. • Export values: • 1985:RM182.4 million • 1995: RM335.6 million • Types of fruits exported: • Watermelon; papaya; star fruit and banana. • Factors for increases in area and production: • High demand for local and export • Value-added processing (down-streaming activities)

  20. PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) Smallholders(38%) and Plantations (62%) Areas are declining VEGETABLES Smallholders, avg farm size < 1 ha. Main areas: Johor, Perak, Kelantan, Pahang. Export value: RM160 million(cucumber, spinach, long beans, chillin, kailan, sawi) Import value: RM242 million (onion, shallot, pototo, chilli, cabbage)

  21. Coffee plantation in Johor (http://sec2aljmuar.blogspot.com/) Sugarcane farm in Chupping Perlis (http://burtburdy.blogspot.com/2009/09/ladang-tebu-di-chupping-perlis.html) Tea plantation in Cameron Highlands Pahang (http://mile.mmu.edu.my/orion/nadiaabdullah/nik-norfatihah-bt-nik-musthafa-1091105764/)

  22. Scenery of Paddy field in Kuala Muda Kedah (http://stanza-alam.blogspot.com/2010/05/gunung-jerai.html) Paddy field in Pulau Pinang (http://baja-harimau.blogspot.com/2011/06/baja-harimau-mulai-digunakan-oleh.html)

  23. A worker collecting pineapples from Ayer Hitam Pineapple plantation in Johor (http://www.foodessa.com/2010/03/are-drugs-in-your-pineapple-tropical.html) A worker works in a small scale vegetable farm in Kampung Air Panas Malaysia (http://www.flickr.com/photos/chongkin/6246016728/)

  24. Examples of floriculture in Malaysia (http://animhosnan.blogspot.com/2011/01/floriculture-in-malaysia.html) FLORICULTURE Net value RM290 million in 2010 (0.15% GDP) Cut flowers; orchids; non-orchids Area planted is increasing Important areas: Johor, CH, selanogr. Most planted commodity in 2010: Orchids (RM104.1million ), non orchid (RM129.5 Million)

  25. LIVESTOCK Non-ruminant: Poultry and swine Higly commercialised and high technology. Contributed 72% in country livestock production Ruminant: Cow, dairy, goat etc Smallholders and low technology Contribution: 8% in livestock production SSL not achieved (less than 30%) Gov. targeted 40% SSL by 2015. How? Integrating cattle in farm and feedlot

  26. FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE • Aquaculture: farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, curstaceans and aquatic plants. • Important commodity: Prawn • Steady growth since 2000. • Value in 2009: • Fresh water fish:RM 2.32 billion. • Captured fish: RM6.29 billion • Others: seaweed (algaculture), pearl

  27. Livestock farming in Malaysia (photos courtesy of Unit IT Faculty of Agriculture UPM)

  28. Aquaculture industry in Malaysia (photo courtesy of Unit IT Faculty of Agriculture UPM (top) & Prof Rita’s file (right)

  29. Factors to growth livestock production: shifting from traditional to commercial farming practices Increase integrated beef cattle farming in rubber and oil palm plantations. Poultry production: integrated poultry farming system introduced by fast-food chains such as Kentucky Fried Chicken. Poultry is the most popular meat consumed due to pricing and religious acceptability. fruits and vegetables: government efforts in consolidating small orchards into larger organized farms and instituting group farming projects.

  30. New Source of Growth Herbs & spices; Pharmaceuticals, Natural Products Rapid growth at 10-15% per annum. Targeted as growth sector after Communication Technology. Market value in 2010: RM7 billion Expected value in 2020: RM29 billion Reason high value: Awareness on health care with natural products. Currently, planted by small holders. Gov. target: large scale herbal plantation and ECER

  31. HempeduBumi Treatment for gastro-intestinal tract Fever, herpes, sore throat Tongkat Ali Antimalarial; aphrodisiac; anti-diabetic; antimicrobial

  32. Kacip Fatimah: Facilitate childbirth; post-partum medication; rheumatism MisaiKucing: Analgesic; diuretic; bronchitis; small pox; diarrhoea Pegaga: Heal wounds; imporve mental clarity; treat skin; high bollod pressure; rheumatism; fever

  33. Dukunganak: Treat kidney stone; malaria; asthma; increase appetite; treat diabeties; hypertension; itchiness MasCotek: Help womb contraction; aphrodisiac for women and men; reduce cholestorol and blood sugar level

  34. Agricultural Marketing • Export Crop Sector • Palm Oil: 3 main types oil palm producers: • Independent small holders: low productivity and sell through middleman • Producers in land development scheme: production and marketing follow the parent institution • Private estates: very organized. Processed own produces.

  35. Food Sector: Small farms and minimal involvement by government or corporate sectors. Marketing usually through middlemen / wholesaler. Except Rice: have gov. intervention

  36. Input Import Local Producer Input supplier CONVENTIONAL AGRI-FOOD MARKETING Assembler/Transporter/Commission Agent Wholesalers Import Small scale retailers Large scale Retailers Consumers

  37. Agri-Food New Supply Chain Transformation due to external and domestic drivers. External: rapid development of large retail chains. In 2005: 81 hypermarkets in Malaysia, 83% are foreign-owned. Domestic: changes in consumer income, consumption and lifestyes.

  38. Producers NEW FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN Contract farming Packing house Wholesalers Import Large scale retailers Consumers

  39. Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) Responsibility: supervision; coordination; regulation and improvement of the marketing of agricultural products for domestic, export and import markets. Marketing Strategies: Farmer’s Market Business on wheels http://www.fama.gov.my/web/guest/home

  40. Summary Production and area for industrial crops such as rubber; cocoa, coconut and pineapple are reducing. Except for the fruits area are increasing growth of the fruit industry are bright due to the expected increase in domestic consumption of both fresh and processed fruits and expanding world demand for tropical fresh and processed fruits

  41. demand for rice in both international and domestic markets is expected to increase. (1.8 mill to 2.3 mill in 2010) • to concentrate on production of high quality fresh vegetables for both domestic and export markets and also on a few selected vegetables for processing.

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