1. Dr. Fahad Al-WahhabiMBBS, FRCPC Psychopathology (Signs & Symptoms in Psychiatry)

2. Definition • Psychopathology refers to problematic patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior: • Disrupted functioning at home, work, and in the person’s social life • Patterns that cause distress in the person or in others • Psychopathology literally means sickness of the mind • Psychopathology varies between and within cultures

3. Introduction Most exist on a spectrum/continuum Diagnosis is made on patterns not on single sx To elicit is to be skillful

4. Clusters of symptoms Psychiatric problems are classified based on signs and symptoms into disorders: • Signs are observable phenomena (hallucinations) • Symptoms are reports from patients (feeling anxious)

5. Categories of psychopathology Behavior & movement Emotions Speech Thinking Perception Awareness of self and others Cognition Judgment Insight Biological rhythms

6. Abnormalities of behavior and movement Slow Retarded HyperactiveAgitated Normal

7. Abnormalities of Cognition Attention Memory Distractibility Hypervigilance Amnesia Hyperamnesia

8. Abnormalities of speech Mute Normal Pressured speech

9. Abnormalities of mood and emotions Very depressed Elated Very Fearful Fearless Anxious, irritable Relaxed

10. Abnormalities of thought Process Organized Flight of ideas Loose association Content Preoccupied, Worries, Overvalued ideas, Delusions,

11. Abnormalities of perception • Illusions • Hallucinations

12. Abnormalities of awareness of self and others Depersonalization Derealization

13. Abnormalities of insight • Degree of awareness of current situation e.g. being mentally ill. No insight Good insight

14. Abnormalities of judgment • Ability to understand, appreciate a situation and act based on knowledge of risks and benefits. Poor judgment Good judgment

15. Abnormalities of biological rhythms • Sleep • Appetite Insomnia Hypersomnia Hyperphagia Anorexia

16. Clinical Description (brief discription) • Begins with the Presenting Problem • Description Aims to • Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience • Describe Onset • Describe Course • Associated symptoms

17. How is psychopathology summarized? • Depressive sx • Psychotic sx • Anxiety sx • Dissociative sx • Cognitive sx • Substance abuse sx • Somatoform sx • Personality sx