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Lexical Semantics. An Introduction

Lexical Semantics. An Introduction. Boris Iomdin Russian Language Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences iomdin@ruslang.ru. Lecture 13. Plan. Clothing lexicon Dictionaries Official standards Problems Clothing: an experiment WordNet Glasses Purses Dominant Dictionary project.

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Lexical Semantics. An Introduction

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  1. Lexical Semantics. An Introduction Boris Iomdin Russian Language Institute,Russian Academy of Sciences iomdin@ruslang.ru

  2. Lecture 13. Plan • Clothing lexicon • Dictionaries • Official standards • Problems • Clothing: an experiment • WordNet • Glasses • Purses • Dominant • Dictionary project

  3. Describe in 20 seconds

  4. Check yourself: Sweater Jumper Pullover Sweatshirt Jersey … Glass Wineglass Goblet Flute …

  5. Sweater

  6. Jumper

  7. Pullover

  8. Webster • SWEATER a knitted or crocheted jacket or pullover • JACKET a garment for the upper body usually having a front opening, collar, lapels, sleeves, and pockets • PULLOVER a pullover garment (as a sweater)

  9. Webster • SWEATSHIRT: a loose collarless pullover or jacket usually of heavy cotton jersey • JERSEY: any of various close-fitting usually circular-knitted garments especially for the upper body

  10. State Standards

  11. Official use Hong Kong Economic and Trade OfficeBritish Embassy RE: Knitted Wool Cardigan This is in reference to your letter of November 15, 1988, on behalf of Donna Karan Co., requesting classification of a women's knit cardigan under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated, (HTSUSA). We also reply to your letter of October 3, 1988, in which you requested a review of the category number assigned to the merchandise in issue. A sample was submitted for inspection.

  12. Official use FACTS: Style no. 214 is a woman's knit cardigan that consists of 60 percent rayon and 40 percent wool fibers. The sample has long sleeves that are hemmed at the ends; a full-front opening with a four button closure and a V-neckline. Other features include a one inch wide placket that extends from the waist towards and around the neck, which acts as a capping to finish the body fabric. There are two hidden-edge pockets at the front waist area. The garment extends from the neck and shoulders to the hips, and is worn over a shirt or blouse for warmth.

  13. Official use ISSUE: 1. Whether the cardigan is properly classifiable as a wool overcoat under Heading 6102, HTSUSA, or as a wool sweater under Heading 6110, HTSUSA? 2. Whether the sample garment, if "knitted in fine gauge" is subject to quota category number 435 (for wool coats), or category number 446 (for wool sweaters)?

  14. Official use LAW AND ANALYSIS: Classification of merchandise under the HTSUSA is in accordance with the General Rules of Interpretation (GRI), taken in order. <…> Heading 6110 provides for sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats (vests) and similar articles, knitted or crocheted. <…> Since the garment at issue is a cardigan-style sweater such as described above, and has all the horizontal and vertical elasticity normally associated with sweaters, it is classified as a sweater under this heading.

  15. Problems • Outdated or obsolete material • No systematic descriptions • Obscure explications • Synonyms and periphrases used in the explications • Mismatch of dictionaries, standard documents and current usage

  16. Vicious circles • Sepulka, pl. sepulki, an important element of the civilization of Ardrites (see) from Enteropia planet (see).See sepulkaria. • Sepulkaria, sg. sepulkarium, an object for sepulation (see). • Sepulation,an occupation of Ardrites (see) from Enteropia planet (see).See sepulka. (Stanisław Lem, Dzienniki gwiazdowe)

  17. Webster • GARMENT: an article of clothing • CLOTHING: garments in general

  18. Dictionaries vs. Standards • DZHEMPER: No zipper according to dictionaries, but an upper zipper according to standards • KOFTA: Included into all dictionaries, but forbidden by the standards • KOFTOCHKA: Garment for children according to the standards, but not in dictionaries

  19. Dictionaries and usage According to all dictionaries: Sviterhas no zipper and a high collar Web search: sviter na molnii ‘sweater with a zipper’ 25 000 sviter s vorotom ‘sweater with a collar’– 3 000

  20. Dzhemper

  21. Clothing. An experiment • 70 participants, average age of 27 years • Moscow, St.Petersburg and other cities • 26 images of people found on the using keywords like sviter ‘sweater’, kofta ‘jacket’, dzhemper ‘jumper’, pulover ‘pullover’, vodolazka ‘turtleneck’,mixedwith some other distracting images • Task: describe the images, following a sample • All results can be found at izjumis.livejournal.com

  22. Results. Frequencies (Only 2 outof 26 images matched the standard descriptionsof sviter ‘sweater’)

  23. Results. Sviter • For 25 out of 26 images, sviter was used at least once • For 13 out of 26 images, sviter is the most frequent • For the rest, sviteris the second (even for the dog!) • 72% of participants use sviterfor most images(18% use kofta, 2% use jumper) • Only sviter is included into the recent Russian frequency dictionary[Lyashevskaya & Sharoff 2008]

  24. Results. Differences • Vodolazka ‘turtleneck’ has the most distinct meaning • For each of the images, vodolazka (or its regional variants) was used either very frequently (>75%), or very rarely (<2%). • All objects called so: • have a collar • have no clasp (fastener) • are pull-on

  25. Results. Differences • All other words are inside a diffuse (fuzzy) zone, and no clear distinctions could be found • A mathematical regression revealed the following dependencies: • Sviteris thick and pull-on • Dzhemper has no collar • Puloverhas no neckline, is pull-on and is seldom worn by males • Koftais not pull-on • All other features (including those mentioned in dictionaries) are irrelevant

  26. Male kofta • Kofta was used 178 times to describe a male, although in all dictionaries kofta is for females only

  27. Rubashka and sorochka • Rubashka was used 158 times, sorochka was used 2 times • In official use (including shops, etc.), it is almost always sorochka

  28. Results of an experiment at Summer School of Linguistics • Average number of different items • males 16 • females 29 • 110 different words

  29. Most frequent words • dzhinsy ‘jeans’ (98%) • kurtka ‘jacket’ (98%) • sviter ‘sweater’ (91%) • futbolka‘T-shirt’(91%) • rubashka ‘shirt’ (83%) • shorty ‘shorts’ (83%) Every girl and no boy has: • jubka ‘skirt’

  30. “Sweaters” • sviter(91%) • kofta (74%) • vodolazka (43%) • dzhemper (30%) • kardigan (26%) • tolstovka (26%) • koftochka (22%) • fliska (13%) • pulover (9%)

  31. Results of a small experiment: course participants in Prague • sweater 7 • jumper 1 • sweatshirt 1 • cardigan 1 • svetr 5 • mikina 5 • rolák 2 mikina equivalents: • sweater • jacket • sweatshirt • thick T-shirt

  32. Glasses

  33. Differential features

  34. WordNet • A computerized database of English developed in Princeton since 1985 • More than 200000 words, organized into synsets • http://wordnet.princeton.edu/

  35. Sweaters in WordNet • S: (n) sweater, jumper (a crocheted or knitted garment covering the upper part of the body) • S: (n) sweatshirt (cotton knit pullover with long sleeves worn during athletic activity) • S: (n) pullover, slipover (a sweater that is put on by pulling it over the head).

  36. Three jumpers • S: (n) jumper (a coverall worn by children) • S: (n) jumper (a loose jacket or blouse worn by workmen) • S: (n) jumper, pinafore, pinny (a sleeveless dress resembling an apron; worn over other clothing)

  37. Jersey • S: (n) jersey, T-shirt, tee shirt (a close-fitting pullover shirt)

  38. The rest • S: (n) turtleneck, turtle, polo-neck (a sweater or jersey with a high close-fitting collar) • S: (n) cardigan (knitted jacket that is fastened up the front with buttons or a zipper) • S: (n) jacket (a short coat) • S: (n) coat (an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors)

  39. Glasses • S: (n) glass, drinking glass (a container for holding liquids while drinking)

  40. Glasses • S: (n) wineglass (a glass that has a stem and in which wine is served) • S: (n) shot glass, jigger, pony (a small glass adequate to hold a single swallow of whiskey) • S: (n) snifter, brandy snifter, brandy glass (a globular glass with a small top; used for serving brandy) • S: (n) flute, flute glass, champagne flute (a tall narrow wineglass)

  41. Two goblets • S: (n) goblet (a drinking glass with a base and stem) • S: (n) chalice, goblet (a bowl-shaped drinking vessel; especially the Eucharistic cup)

  42. Champagne flute

  43. Brandy snifter glass

  44. Water goblet

  45. Goblet glass

  46. Martini glass

  47. Margarita glass

  48. Cosmo glass

  49. Bretagne Sherry glass

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