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Microbiology 2 Infection Control DN8

Microbiology 2 Infection Control DN8. Dr Viv Rolfe. Alternative formats and large print versions of these handouts are available upon request. Lecture Summary. Global and UK problem of infections Causes of infections Commensal and pathogenic infection 5 steps to an infection

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Microbiology 2 Infection Control DN8

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  1. Microbiology 2Infection ControlDN8 Dr Viv Rolfe Alternative formats and large print versions of these handouts are available upon request.

  2. Lecture Summary • Global and UK problem of infections • Causes of infections • Commensal and pathogenic infection • 5 steps to an infection • Microbe-host interaction – the body’s response to infection • Topical issues • Hospital-acquired infection • Super-bugs

  3. What is an Infection? • Infection - microbes enter the host, multiply and cause tissue damage. • It is a communicable disease i.e. can be passed between people.

  4. Global Problem • 41% of global disease is infectious. • HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria cause millions of deaths each year. WHO – World Health Organisation

  5. UK Problem • 40% of people will visit health care professionals because of infections each year. • Food poisoning the most common. • 5,000 patients die from hospital acquired infections each year. • Many national crises have been due to infection, e.g. BSE and CJD, meningitis, E. coli O157 outbreaks

  6. Cases of Infection in the UK each Year +82,000 cases of food poisoning... Source:Communicable disease surveillance centre

  7. What other infections have been in the news? ?

  8. What Causes Infection?

  9. What Causes Infection? • Micro organisms… • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Protozoa • Prions (small infectious proteins which don’t have a genome) • Parasites

  10. Name the Type of Microbe!

  11. MOULD

  12. BACTERIA ROD/ BACILLUS COCCI SPIRAL

  13. VIRUSES

  14. PROTOZOA e.g. flagellate e.g. amoeba

  15. PRIONS 3.9

  16. Microscopic tic Worm – visibleto the eye PARASITE Tape worm

  17. It could be a commensal in the wrong place at the wrong time • Commensal – a organism which lives in association with another and is harmless. • Colonisation - the growth of organisms at a site. • Flora - micro-organisms resident in a body site e.g. skin, gut.

  18. Guess which are commensal colony sitesin the body.

  19. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  20. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  21. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  22. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  23. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  24. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  25. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  26. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  27. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  28. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  29. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  30. Harbours commensal flora Eyelids Upper Respiratory tract Urethraopening Blood CerebroSpinalfluid Colon Skin Semen(prior tourethra) Vagina External ear canal Internal organs Is sterile

  31. Infections can be caused by pathogens (not commensal to the body)

  32. Infections

  33. 5 Steps to Infection • The presence of an inFectious Agent • A Reservoir where agent is multiplying and waiting to infect! • A route of Transmission. • A route of Entry into host. • Inadequate natural defenses in a Susceptible individual

  34. Name some possible reservoires in a hospital ward. ?

  35. Reservoires

  36. Name some possible routes of transmission in a hospital ward. ?

  37. e.g. air, water, touch or a vector (mosquito)

  38. How does the Body Respond to Infection?

  39. Identifiablesymptoms Mildsymptoms Nosymptoms Recovery Fatal if growthof microbescontinues Number ofpathogens Acute illness Microbes respondingto therapy and immunity Prodromal Incubation

  40. Depends on Susceptibility • Healthy individuals combat infection so only suffer acute (short term) illness. • In susceptible groups infection can be worse…. • Older/younger • Pregnancy • Poor nutrition • Illness • Medication, drugs and surgery • Stress • Genetic predisposition

  41. Body response to infection • Local inflammation (reaction by innate and acquired immune defenses). • Systemic response including release of pyrogens in the blood which cause fever.

  42. Localised swelling/odema

  43. The immune system provides a defence against infection.Sometimes, a pathogen combats our defences. HIV Virus Virus particles Attackinglymphocytes inthe immune system

  44. Topical Issues

  45. HAIHospital or Healthcare Acquired Infections

  46. Statistics • 1 in 10 people will acquire a hospital infection. • They cost the health sector 1 billion pounds per year. • People spend 2.5 times longer in hospital. • Also known as NOSOCOMIAL infections.

  47. Causes of HAI • Susceptible hosts – stressed, ill health, medication. • Close proximity to other people. • Drugs don’t work. • Inadequate infection control (e.g. washing hands).

  48. MOST COMMON INFECTIONS Blood infection via needles, drips Infection after surgery Skin Chest Urinary tract

  49. C dif E coli MOST COMMON BUGS E coli Staphylococcus Candida Clostridium difficile Staphy Candida

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