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Understanding Deviance: Learning Theories and Social Psychology Insights

This overview explores the sociological theories of deviance, highlighting Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association and its core assumptions—that deviance occurs when individuals define situations as appropriate. It also examines modifications by Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers, introducing concepts like differential reinforcement through operant conditioning. Additionally, Gresham Sykes and David Matza's techniques of neutralization, as well as methods of social control in learning theories, are discussed. The text concludes by addressing criticisms of these approaches and recent themes in understanding deviant behavior.

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Understanding Deviance: Learning Theories and Social Psychology Insights

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Learning Theories The (Sociological) Social Psychology of Deviance

  2. Differential Association • Edwin Sutherland • Two main assumptions • Deviance happens when a person defines a situation as the right time • Definitions reflect social background

  3. Differential Association • In association with others, one: • Learns to define situation as right time • Masters necessary skills & techniques • Acquires necessary motives, rationalizations

  4. Modification/Additions to Differential Association • Robert Burgess & Ronald Akers • Differential Reinforcement • Operant conditioning • Behavioral Psychology • R-S-R • Reinforcements • Positive (get what you want) • Negative (don’t get what you don’t want)

  5. Modification/Additions to Differential Association • Punishments • Positive (something happens to you) • Negative (something you value is taken away) • Gresham Sykes & David Matza • Techniques of neutralization • Denial of responsibility • Denial of injury • Denial of victim • Condemning the condemners • Appeal to higher loyalties

  6. Social Control in Learning Theories • Preventative Learning • Socialization • Correction (“Un-learning”) • Youth programs • Group correction • Self-help groups • AA

  7. Social Control in Learning Theories • Synanon • Token economies

  8. Social Control in Learning Theories • Aversive therapies • Disulfiram • Succinylcholine

  9. Considerations about/Criticisms of Learning Theories • Still influential • Recent themes: • Deviant careers • “Becoming” • Shortcomings • Abuse potential • Ignores choice • Ignores larger context

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