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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER. Lecture #9 OPERATING SYSTEM. By Shahid Naseem (Lecturer). LECTURE OUTLINES. DATA. A collection of raw (unprepared or unprocessed) facts ( things, people, objects, events) and figures, collected for a specific purpose is called data.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Lecture #9 OPERATING SYSTEM By ShahidNaseem (Lecturer)

  2. LECTURE OUTLINES

  3. DATA • A collection of raw (unprepared or unprocessed) facts ( things, people, objects, events) and figures, collected for a specific purpose is called data. • An unarranged, unprocessed and meaningless fact about an entity is called data. • Data does not give clear and proper meanings. • It can’t be used directly for decision-making. • E.g. A list of class students, showing students roll numbers, names, marks Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  4. TYPES OF DATA • The data may be in the form of text, numbers, sounds, images, video clips etc. • There are following types of data. 1) Numeric Data 2) Alphabetic Data 3) Alphanumeric Data 4) Image Data 5) Audio Data 6) Video Data. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  5. TYPES OF DATA • 1) Numeric Data Numeric data consists of digits 0 to 9, +,- and decimal points e.g. 420,3,543, -7.2, 302. • 2) Alphabetic Data Alphabetic data consists of all the alphabet letters i.e A to Z and a to z. E.g. Aslam, Pakistan etc. • 3) Alphanumeric Data Alphanumeric data consists of alphabet letters, numeric digits(0-9) and special characters such as #,$ etc. E.g 23-March 1940. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  6. TYPES OF DATA • 4) Image Data This type of data may consist of charts, graphs, pictures and freehand drawings. E.g. rise and fall of temperature during a day can be represented by a chart. • 5) Audio Data Audio data is a representation of sound, which may be any music, speech or any other sound stored electronically. It is continuous and not discrete. • 6) Video Data Video data consist of full-motion images that create actions and movements. It can be produced by a video camera. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  7. INFORMATION • The raw data is processed in a system to get the required output or result. The processed data is called “information”. • The processed data (information) gives clear and proper meanings. • It can be used for decision-making. • An arranged, processed and meaningful fact about an entity is called information. • The data processing can be done manually or by using computer. processing Information Data Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  8. INFORMATION • A computer is just a data processing machine. It accepts data as input, processes it and returns the processed data. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  9. DIFFERENCE B/W DATA AND INFORMATION Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  10. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES • Computer Programming Languages are used to prepare computer programs or software. • Early computer programs were prepared directly in machine language i.e. in binary code. • It was very difficult to prepare program in machine code. • Languages are divided into two types. • Low-level languages. • High-level languages. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  11. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES • Low-level languages The programming languages that are very close to machine code (0s and 1s) are called low-level languages. The program instructions written inn these languages are in binary form. Low-level languages provide the programmer with a high degree of control over hardware but they require a deep knowledge of the internal structure of the hardware to be used. e.g. Machine Language Assembly Language Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  12. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES • High-level languages The programming languages that are close to human languages (e.g like English language) are called the high-level languages. These languages are similar to English language. The program instructions are written using English words. E.g. print, input etc. Each language has its own rules for writing program instructions. e.g. Procedural Languages Non-Procedural Languages. Object-Oriented Programming Languages. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  13. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES • Procedural Languages Procedural languages are also known as third-generation languages. In a procedural language, a program is designed using procedures. In procedural programming languages, the program or procedure instructions are written in a sequence or in a specific order in which they must be executed to solve a specific problem. e.g. Fortran Cobol Pascal C-language Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  14. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES • Non-Procedural Languages In Non-Procedural languages, the order of program instructions is not important. With non-procedural language, the programmer writes instructions to retrieve data from databases. These languages are easier to use than procedural languages. These languages provide the user-friendly program development tools to write instructions. e.g. SQL (Structured Query Language) RPG (Report Program Generator) Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  15. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES • Object-Oriented Programming Languages In object oriented programming, a program is designed by using objects. In object-oriented, a whole system is divided into a set of objects. It is an easy and flexible approach for designing and organizing the program. e.g. C++ Java Visual Basic Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  16. LANGUAGE PROCESSORS • A computer understands instructions in machine code (0s and 1s). It is difficult to write computer program directly in machine code. • Mostly programs are written in high-level languages i.e. C, C++, Java, Basic, PASCAL etc. • The program written in high-level language must be translated into machine code with the help of language translator. • The language processors are divided into three types. • Compiler • Interpreter • Assember Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  17. LANGUAGE PROCESSORS • Compiler • The language translator program that translates the complete source program into machine code as a whole is called Compiler. • E.g C and C++ compilers • The program translated into machine code is called “Object Code” successfully if it free of errors. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  18. LANGUAGE PROCESSORS • Interpreter • The language translator program that translates the source code into machine code statement by statement is called interpreter. • It translates one statement of source program into machine code and executes it immediately before translating the next statement. e.g. GW BASIC • Assembler • The language translator program that translates the program written in assembly language into machine code is called assembler. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

  19. SOURCE CODE& OBJECT CODE • Source Code • The program instructions written by following the rules of any high-level language are known as source code. • The source code is like English statements but the computer understands only the instructions in machine code. • Object Code • A computer understands only the machine code. The source program written in any high-level languages ( and assembly language) must be translated into machine code before running it on the computer. The translated program into machine code is known as “object code”. Control Structure (Civil Engineering Department)

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