Revolution and the Age of Ideology

1. Revolution and the Age of Ideology Heather Ramirez Sandra Sandoval

2. Republicanism, Revolution, and Education

3. Education in the United States • After the American Revolution, it was very important to unite the 13 colonies • Created a system that distributed power • Divided townships into 36 sections – one reserved for education • U.S. Constitution leaves out education- so it becomes the states’ responsibility

4. Early American Educational Theorists • Benjamin Rush • Father of American Psychiatry • Provide Lewis & Clark with medical kit • Samuel Smith • Engaged in the shipping business • Commanded Maryland’s quota during the Whiskey Rebellion • Member of Congress and Senate

5. Benjamin Franklin • 15th of 17 children and youngest of 10 sons • Father was a candle maker and soap maker • Was supposed to become a minister, but could not afford school • Apprenticed as candle maker and printer

6. Benjamin Franklin (cont) • Published anti-religious articles under the pseudonym “Silence Dogwood” • Opened the 1st public library • Became an abolitionist • Signed all 4 founding documents of the U.S.

7. Franklin & Education • Advocated a different kind of school • School to be focused on practical curriculum • Students would be able to choose second language • Provided for vocational crafts • School unsuccessful – but ideal lives on Benjamin Franklin: An Enlightened American Quick Biography of Benjamin Franklin

8. Thomas Jefferson • Born into a wealthy family • The 3rd of 10 children • Experienced death of father at 14 – is left 5000 acres of land and many slaves • Received a classical education and goes into law • Married once to Martha Wayles Skelton and had 6 children

9. Thomas Jefferson (cont) • Set out to reform and update Virginia's system of laws to reflect its new status as a democratic state • Drafted 126 bills in 3 years • Became President in 1801 • Obtained Louisiana Purchase for $15 million

10. Jefferson and Education • Obsessed by idea of higher education without religious influences • Wanted students to be able to specialize in classes not offered at other schools • Founded the University of Virginia in 1819 • 1st University to offer full variety of electives • Centered around a library – not a church

11. Jefferson Facts • He had a lisp – and therefore hated public speaking • He died on the 4th of July on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence • He invented more words than any other president • He kept 2 bear cubs in cages in front of the White House – Gifts from Lewis & Clark Jefferson's West: Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition

12. Republican Education • Shift from religious to social and political • Tried to form educated and capable citizens • Exhibited a distrust in centralized powers • Emphasized educating ordinary people – not just elite intellectuals • Sought separation of church and state

13. The French Revolution • Caused by resentment of royal absolutism • 95% of population represented by only 1 vote • Enlightenment spreads • In 1789, Third estate proclaims itself the National Assembly and Bastille is stormed French Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

14. French Education • Switch from Catholic domination before the war, to government domination • Complete rejection of the old order • Emphasis on teaching the French language • Rewards were offered for those who attended “republic” schools as opposed to religious-based private schools • Strong French centralization commitment The Revolution, Napoleon, and Education

15. Napoleon • Born to minor Italian nobility • Entered military school at age 9 • Had to learn French but spoke with Italian accent • Called “The Little General” – but was actually not short • Married Josephine de Beauharnais – they had no children

16. Education under Napoleon • Napoleon forms Concordat with Pope, allowing religious elementary schools to re-establish • Napoleon felt education was different for boys and girls • Girls were to be taught religion and domestic skills • Boys divided into two categories –under 12 and over 12 • Elementary schools governed by municipalities • Secondary schools run strictly by the state • Created the Imperial University in 1808 • Lycees and centralized power still exist in France today

17. U.S. Changes Less emphasis on religion More emphasis on democracy Education for common people Education for creating citizenry French Changes Less emphasis on religion More emphasis on nationalism Education for common citizens (except women) Education as tool for creating soldiers & government Revolutionary Consequences

18. The 19th Century-The Age of Ideology

19. Ideologies • Industrialism • Liberalism • Conservatism • Socialism • Humanitarianism • Romanticism and Nationalism

20. Industrialism • Enlightenment provided framework for application of scientific knowledge • Dominated by industry and manufacture of machinery • Protestant work ethic prevailed among middle class • Saw the rise of the middle class • Used education to advance upward

21. Industrialism • Reordered class structure: aristocracy, middle and working class • Capitalism had profound effect on social, political, and economic life • Education greatly impacted

22. Industrialism

23. Liberalism • Retained the ideas of Enlightenment: intellectual, religious and economic freedom • Rejected the idea of Divine Right of Kings, established religion • Respected individualism, free from government interference, elected representation • Supported by middle class

24. Liberalism • Beginning of suffrage movement in the U.S (1830’s) • Women abolitionists endorsed rights in 1837 • Frances Wright, Flora Tristan, Louise Otto

25. Liberalism-The Split • Positive Liberalism vs Negative liberalism • Herbert Spencer and • John Stuart Mill • John Stuart Mill supported reformed liberalism (i.e. government programs, such as popular education)

26. Conservatism • Reaction against 19th century liberalism • Found support in aristocracy • Allied with state churches • Emphasized social stability • Social class gave individuals purpose

27. Socialism • Origins: French Revolution, Industrial Revolution • Envisioned a system where wealth and property subject to social control • Utopian socialists: Saint-Simon, Owens, Fourier,

28. Socialism-Saint-Simon • Founder of Saint-Simonian society • Advocated “New Christianity” • Proposed that scientists as priests • Called for the science of society

29. Socialism: Charles Fourier • Believed that care and cooperation were the secrets of social success • If everyone cooperated, production would improve • Instituted the ideas of community “phalanxes” Selection from Charles • Fourier)

30. Socialism-Phalanxes • Place for quiet activity • Dining rooms, meeting rooms, libraries, study • Central room: temple, tower, ceremonial chimes • A large number of rooms, apartments

31. Socialism-Robert Owen • Believed man’s character is made not by him but for him • Influences on early education • New Lanark to New Harmony • " I left this country in 1824 to go to the United States to sow the seeds in that new fertile soil - new for material and mental growth - the cradle of the future liberty of the human race"

32. Socialism-New Communities • New Harmony • Brook Farm • Oneida Society • North American Phalanx

33. Humanitarianism • Human beings deserve respect and dignity • Against slavery, violation of basic human rights, discrimination • Women supported • Humanitarian bills focused on improvement of working conditions

34. Romanticism • Reaction against the Enlightenment, counter-enlightenment • Emphasized imagination and feeling • Return to nature and belief in the goodness of humanity • Development of nationalism

35. Romanticism • Music-Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven • Literature: Hoffman, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Chateaubriand, Hugo, Irving, Hawthorne, Cooper • Art: Delacroix, Wyatt,

36. Romanticism and Trancendentalism • Rooted in philosophy of Kant • Founded in Cambridge, MA • Protest against culture and society • Believed in ideal spiritual state that transcends the physical • Emerson, Thoreau, Putnam, Peabody, Alcott

37. Nationalism • Arose in Europe • Transition to nation-states against large empires • Promoted national identity and culture • Germany-strong cultural identity

38. Nationalism-von Herder • Saw Germany as a land interspersed with various languages, religions, etc. • Identified need for German identity • “No greater injury can be inflicted on a nation that to be robbed of her national character…”

39. Liberalism-individualism, competition Socialism-cooperative activities, relationships at school, new society Conservatism-saw school as an agency of historical and social continuity Liberalism-saw education as an instrument for change Nationalism-national systems for education, popular literacy Romanticism-emphasized the person and their emotions Implications for Education

40. Questions to consider? • Which ideology is most evident in today’s education? • Do politics guide education or does education guide politics?

41. References • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism • http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1784herder-mankind.html • http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism • http:www.binghampton.edu/womanhist/arhm

42. References • http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/ • http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawstime.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism • http://historicaltextarchive.com • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier

43. References • http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/fourier/works/ch20.htm