Starter (October 10)

1. Starter (October 10) Copy your Chapter 9 Vocabulary Words. TEST date is planned for Tuesday, October 18th. • Islam • Bedoiuns • Sheikh • Muhammad • Ka’bah • Qur’an • Hijrah • Medina • Mecca • Abu Bakr • Caliphs • Umayyads • Sunnis • Shi’ah • Imams • Abbasids • Vizier • Five Pillars of Islam • Hajj • Jihad • 21. Ulama • shari’ah • Al-Shafi’I • Sufism • Astrolabe • Mamlukes • Fatimids • Mahmud of Ghazna • Saljuqs • ghazis • Sultan • Muhammad al-Ghazali • Allah • Calligraphy • Fasting • Alms • Mosque • Arabian Peninsula

2. Class Interactive KWL K: Know W: Want to Know L: Learned Each student will receive a sticky note. Students who know about Islam will write one fact on the front of their sticky and place it under the K. These students will begin our class discussion on the Islamic faith. (Write your name on the back of your sticky to assure you get credit for your participation.)

3. The Rise of Islam

4. What is Islam? Video Clip from youtube.com

5. Islam Quick Facts • Islam is a monotheistic religion focusing on the teachings of Muhammad. • Muhammad’s teachings are written in the Qur'an (Islamic Holy book) as they were spoken to the prophet from Allah (god). • A follower of the Islamic faith is called a Muslim. • There are two main denominations of Islam—Sunni (80-90%) and Shia (10-20%). • About 25% of the earth’s population are Muslims and Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world. • Islam is also the fastest growing religion in the United States.

6. Deserts, Towns, and Trading Routes • Harsh environments of the Arabian Peninsula (where Africa, Asia, and Europe all meet) affected life of the Arab people. • The desert people were nomads who herded animals from one oasis to another. • Over time, people called bedouins began to settle into towns and cities. • Bedouins lived in family groups called clans. Loyalty and warrior skills were important aspects of their society. • These settlers began to trade as a way of life.

7. The city of Mecca became a caravan center even though it was not a fertile oasis. • Mecca was located at the intersection of two trade routes which made it a logical place for traders to stop and pray. • The Ka’aba, an ancient shrine, was used to worship the many different gods and spirits of Arabic society. • The bedouin culture influenced Arab society. • Arab society developed into clans that cherished extended family networks in which fathers made important decisions. • Male clan members advised the sheik (leader of the tribe). • Women could own and inherit property. The primary role of the woman was to be a mother. • Conflicts often arose in the 500s as different clans wanted to control trade and town governments.

8. Muhammad the Prophet • Muhammad was born around 570 AD. • He became an orphan at 6 years old. • Raised by his grandfather and uncle • He received very little formal education. • He became a great merchant. • Worked under a wealthy widow named Khadijah • Married her at the age of 25 (she was 40) • They had 3 sons and 4 daughters, but only one daughter (Fatimah) survived past childhood • Traveling likely made him familiar with other religions including Judaism and Christianity. • When he was 40, he went into a cave to meditate where the angel Gabriel spoke to him. • Muhammad believed that god, Allah, had spoken to him through Gabriel and was asking him to recite his message. • Over the next 22 years, Muhammad had other revelations which he compiled into the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam.

9. Muhammad Leaves Mecca • Muhammad’s revolutionary teachings led to unrest in Mecca. • The leaders of Mecca felt that his rejection of polytheism threatened the profits that came to Mecca from pilgrimages made annually to visit the Ka’bah. • Muhammad was already known for his piety (religious devotion). • He was asked to come to Yathrib to serve as an arbitrator between feuding tribes. • In 622, Muhammad made the hijrah (flight or migration) to Yathrib leading his followers out of Mecca. • Once in Yathrib, Muhammad became a spiritual and political leader. • Yathrib’s name was changed to Medina meaning “City of the Prophet.” • Later 622 was marked the first year in the Islamic calendar based upon the hijrah.

10. Once in Medina, Muhammad developed traditions that moved away from Jewish and Christian practice. • Previously, prayer had been performed toward the city of Jerusalem. • A revelation commanded Muslims to begin facing Mecca and the Ka’bah. • Muhammad continued to convert traders and desert tribes until Meccans gave in 630. • In 630, Mecca allowed Muhammad to return and accepted Islam. • Muhammad and his followers destroyed the idols at the Ka’bah. • Muhammad died in 632 in Medina, but he had laid the foundations for Islam to spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula.

12. Starter (October 11) Copy the sentence and fill in the blanks. • Muhammad is the prophet of a religion called _____. • A follower of Islam is called a ______. • One of the central beliefs of this religion is that there is only one God. This makes it a ________ religion. • Muhammad married a woman who was fifteen years older than him named ________ who is considered his first convert.

13. Beliefs and Practices of Muslims • The central ideas of Muslim are found in the Qur’an. • Muhammad’s life also helps guide through his example—this is called the Sunna. • Islamic laws and rules are called the shari’a. • Muslims typically dress modestly—the hijab is meant “to cover” the body. • Muslims believe that Allah is the same God that Jews and Christians worship. • According to Muslims, the Qur’an perfects the earlier teachings of God present in the Jewish Torah and the Christian Bible. • This makes Jews and Christians “people of the Book” which granted them special status in Islamic society.

14. Duties of Muslims: Five Pillars of Islam • There are 5 duties of a Muslim. They are: • Faith: A Muslim must state the belief that, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” • Prayer: A Muslim must pray to Allah, facing Mecca, five times a day. [Preferably, this would take place in a mosque. Also, typically takes place on a sajjada, or prayer rug.] • Alms: Muslims must give alms (or money) to the poor. • Fasting: A Muslim must fast during the holy month of Ramadan. They must eat only one meal a day after sunset, every day during this month. • Pilgrimage: A Muslim should perform the hajj—a trip to the holy city of Mecca—at least once in his or her life.

15. Classwork • Create a visual that represents the five pillars of Islam. • You may draw one picture that culminates all of these pillars or draw five separate pictures (but all 5 pillars must be evident in your work). • You must use color and blank paper. • 15 minutes

16. The Death of Muhammad • With Muhammad’s death, many Muslims felt they were free to leave Islam. • Also, debates arose surrounding who should take lead of the Islamic Empire. • Some believed Muhammad’s cousin Ali should be leader (Ali was also married to Fatimah). • However, Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s oldest friend and one of his first converts, was chosen to lead the faith.

17. Muhammad’s Successors • Abu Bakr was given the title caliph. • Caliph: “successor” or “deputy” • Abu Bakr quickly dealt with a group of Arabs who abandoned Islam. • He defeated them over a two-year period, but died soon after his victory. • Abu Bakr’s army began to conquer new lands.

18. Many people conquered by the Muslims found the religion appealing and converted to Islam. • Some converted due to the message of Islam. • Others converted to avoid paying a tax that was required of non-Muslims

19. Umar • On Abu Bakr’s deathbed in 634, he chose Umar to succeed him. • Umar was also a close friend of Muhammad. • Umar developed a system in which families enlisted within the army in order to share the wealth of the community. • Arab armies grew stronger allowing for more expansion. • In 637, the Muslim Empire defeated the Persians. • In 638, the Muslims took Jerusalem. • In 642, the Muslims had added the Nile Valley to its list of conquests. • Umar was murdered by a Persian slave in 644. • On his deathbed he chose a small group of men to chose his successor. • This group chose Uthman, an early convert, bypassing Ali again for the caliphate causing tensions to rise within the Muslim faith.

20. Questions and Answers pt 1

22. Starter (October 12) Provide the term being defined (copy the definitions) • Arab prophet who founded Islam • Follower of the religion of Islam • Muhammad’s move from Mecca to Medina in 622 • Islamic house of worship • Pilgrimage to Mecca • Holy book of Islam • Islamic model for living based on the life and teachings of Muhammad • Body of Islamic law codes

23. Uthman • Uthman was a member of the Umayyad of Mecca who only converted to Islam due to pressure. • Many accused of Uthman of favoring his clan members. • Uthman was killed in 656 by an Egyptian rebel. • Ali was finally chosen as caliph, but many Umayyads were unhappy with the transfer of power.

24. Ali vs. Mu’awiya • Mu’awiya became the leader of the Umayyads after Uthman’s death. • Mu’awiya demanded that Ali turn over the assassins who had murdered Uthman. • When the assassins were not turned over, Mu’awiya challenged Ali by claiming the caliphate was his. • A civil war broke out between the two. • In 657, Mu’awiya asked for a truce which Ali granted. • Many of Ali’s followers were angered by the talk of a truce. • The war ended in 661 when Ali was assassinated by a former supporter. • Ali’s death gave Mu’awiya control of the caliphate.

25. The Muslim Split • Most Muslims accepted Mu’awiya as caliph and remained Sunni. • Sunnis belief that any “good Muslim” can serve as caliph. • Sunnis are said to be “followers of the Sunna.” • Ali’s supporters became known as the Shi’ah. • Shi’ah means “Party of Ali.” • The Shi’ah believe that descendants of Ali were blessed by Allah due to their relationship to Muhammad. • They call Ali’s successors imams who they believe are the only people who can interpret the Qur’an.

26. The Umayyad Dynasty • Uthman was the first of many Umayyad caliphs. • The early Umayyad caliphs secured their power in 661 by moving the capital from Medina to Damascus. • Expansion was a central part of the Umayyad’s period of control. • By 700. the Muslims had reached the Atlantic Ocean. • Islamic troops moved into France, but did not take over the country in the 730s. • Classes developed: • Arab conquerors • Second-class clients (converts to Islam) • Non-Muslims (those who did not convert) • As the converts grew larger in numbers, they resented being second-class and began a revolt with support from the Shi’ah.

28. The Abbasid Caliphate Answer the following questions in your notes. This will be collected on test day! Answer in complete sentences. (Section 2 and 4) • In what year did the Abbasids take control? • Where did the name Abbasids originate from? • Where was the capital of the Abbasids? • What new title was given to the caliph? • What was a vizier? • What led to the decline of the Abbassids? • Who were the Samanids and how did they contribute to the decline of the Abbassids? • Describe the role of mamluks in the Abbassid caliphate. • Who are the Fatimids and what impact did they have on the Abbassid caliphate?

29. 4th PeriodJust provide the answer—for today only—we are in a time crunch! • What is Muhammad’s “example” of how Muslims should live? • List the 5 Pillars of Islam. • What is term for the Islamic law code? • Provide 2 similarities and 1 difference between Muslims and Christians.

30. Starter (October 13) • On a BLANK sheet of paper, draw a large stick person that takes up the whole page. You need to draw on your stick person hands, feet, and a heart. • Get creative if you like—make him look like a Muslim. • I will explain the assignment you will be doing at the bell.

31. “Good Muslim” Stick Person • At the hands, list things that a good Muslim does/should do. • At the feet, list the “travels” of a good Muslim. (Where do they go or might they go?) • Above the head, write what a good Muslim thinks or believes. • Out from the ear, write what a good Muslim hears—this could include people who may speak to him/her and influence their thinking. • At the heart, list a good Muslim’s innermost desire. • Out from the eye, write what a good Muslim’s vision is for the future. 15 minute assignment

32. Islamic Civilization • A lot of culture that people call Islamic, is actually dependent upon where the Muslims live. • For example: • Not all Muslims cover themselves with a veil. Veiling began as a Persian custom. • “Honor killings” are not a Muslim practice. However, in some regions of the world they are not heavily punished.

33. Islamic civilization included the Five Pillars of Islam. • Muslims are forbidden to eat pork and cannot consume alcohol. • Slavery was permitted in the Islamic Empire. • Slave owners were encouraged to free their slaves. • Slaves were required to be treated humanely. • Slaves could buy their freedom. • Slaves were typically from conquered lands. • No free Muslim could be enslaved. (If a child was born to a female slave and a free male, the child was free.)

34. Gender Relations • Men could have no more than four wives (permitted polygamy). • Women could only have one husband. • Women could inherit property. • Remember, veiling and the wearing of the jihab differed depending upon location. • Typically, women are expected to be covered much more than men.

35. Jihad • Jihad means “holy war,” but the Qur’an does not say that this war should be used as a threat or act of terror. • In the early years of the empire, Muslims often faced persecution. • More accurately, jihad is a “struggle for the faith.” • Jihad was permitted against invaders. • Muslims believe if you die in DEFENSE of your faith, you are automatically permitted to paradise (or heaven).

36. Islamic Law • The Sunna nor the Qu’ran covered every aspect of life for Muslims—it was considered important to develop laws to ensure salvation. • During the Umayyad Dynasty’s reign, people began to mistrust the role of caliph as example of ways. • The development of the ulama, male religious scholars, provided guidance for religious practice. • The ulama created the shari’ah (Islamic law code) which guided personal actions such as marriage, divorce, and business law.

37. Sufism • Influenced by Indian thinkers, some Muslims became concerned with materialism. • Considered mystics, this group aimed at living a simple life devoted to Allah. • They chose to live poor which they believed made them more in touch with the sufferings of early converts to Islam. • Sufism seemed radical to many Muslims at first—distrust and violence often occurred. • Today, sufism is widely accepted as religious practice—some Sunnis even practice sufism.

38. “Expert Groups” • In assigned groups, you will examine one of the following to share with the class: • Science and Learning • Literature and the Arts • Umayyad Spain • Expansion Through Trade • China and India • Africa • Money and Banking • You need to create a brief summary to share with the class. You will be graded on developing a summary and sharing valuable information—DO NOT COPY THE TEXT! • I will type bulleted notes from the information you provide.

40. Starter (October 14) In your textbook, page 269, complete “Reviewing Terms” and “Reviewing Chronology” of the Chapter 10 Review. (On Reviewing Terms, copy the question with the answers. You can just put the answers in order for Reviewing Chronology.)

41. The Turks and Islam • Many Turks began to assimilate into Persian and Muslim culture after the Muslims entered Central Asia in the in the 550s-560s. • The Turkish Empire had fallen apart, but they were skilled in fighting. • RECALL: What are Turkish slaves called who were required to fight in the Muslim army?

42. Turkish Rule • Groups of Turkish Muslims including the Ghaznavids and the Saljuqs established empires by creating strong armies. • Many Turks considered themselves ghazis (“warriors of the faith”). • Turkish rulers considered themselves champions of Sunni Islam and the Abbasids. • These rulers used the title sultan (one who rules by the power of the sword). • These rulers believed the caliph was in charge of religious matters, but the sultan should control the military issues and other secular issues. • European invasions led to the decline of Turkish rule. The Mongols would later restore much of the lost lands.

43. Vocabulary Review Game =]