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Energy Abundance Through the Ages

Explore the historical perspective of energy consumption, industrialization indicators, trends, and future projections in sustainable energy systems. Learn about primary and secondary energy resources and the evolution of energy utilization. Conclusion on the impact of industrial revolution on energy consumption.

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Energy Abundance Through the Ages

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  1. LECTURE 2ENERGY ABUNDANCE Dr. Rostamkolai ECE 371 Sustainable Energy Systems

  2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • There has been a continuous quest for using readily available energy sources by humans • The history of earth in terms of time and energy are summarized in the following tables

  3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

  4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

  5. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • Growth in energy consumption with stages of human development is shown below (kWh/cap-day)

  6. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • The degree of national industrialization of the world’s nations place them into the following three categories • Developed • Developing • Undeveloped

  7. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • The key indicators that determine in which of these categories a nation belongs are • Energy resources • Affluence • Trends into the future • These are measurable

  8. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • Technology makes it possible to process natural energy resources into a larger variety of forms suitable for various applications • One indicator of the degree of industrialization is the kind of energy used in the national economy • Highly industrialized nations use higher-specific-energy fuels

  9. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • A second indicator is the amount of energy used measured in • kWh/Capita • kWh/$GDP • Again, highly industrialized nations consume more energy per Capita or $GDP

  10. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION

  11. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • A third indicator is the efficiency of utilization of the energy supply • This indicator does not clearly show that the higher the degree of industrialization, the higher the efficiency of energy consumption • it is not as transparent as the other indicators

  12. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • Affluence is measured by the standard of living • The indicators are • Economic growth ($GDP/Capita) • The degree of impact of nation’s affluence on other nations • The degree of impact on the global environment

  13. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION • Trends into the future include • Social aspects of disproportionate shares of energy utilization (kWh/Capita) • Types of fuel used (capital or income) • The choice between convenience and conservation by a nation’s population

  14. ENERGY & POWER • Energy (W) is defined as the capacity of doing work, and it is expressed in terms of • kWh • BTU • Calorie (Clement 1824, pre-SI) • ft-lb • J

  15. ENERGY & POWER • Power (P) is defined as the time rate of doing work (P =dW/dt), and is expressed in terms of • kW • HP • ft-lb/min • There are two types of energy resources • Primary – Nonrenewable • Secondary - Renewable

  16. CAPITAL & INCOME ENERGY RESOURCES • Primary energy resources are capital energy resources • Implying expenditure from a one-time estate without replenishment (use it and lose it) • Consists of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), which require millions of years for geologic replacement • Also includes nuclear fuel (uranium), which are transformable but irreplaceable

  17. CAPITAL & INCOME ENERGY RESOURCES • Secondary energy resources are income energy resources • Implying expenditure of replenished resources without loss of capital • Include the potential for lunar energy • Consists of ocean tides • Also includes thermal, hydro, wind, and biomass • The quest for comfort and ease of energy utilization led to discovery of electricity, which is about 190 years old

  18. CAPITAL & INCOME ENERGY RESOURCES • The fuel mix in the U.S. from 1925 through 2000, compiled from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is shown below (in %)

  19. GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION • The energy consumption in the U.S. from 1900 to 2000 is shown below

  20. TRENDS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION • The electric energy generation in U.S. from 1950 to 2000 is shown below

  21. ENERGY INTENSITY • The energy intensity for the U.S. and the world from 1990 to 2000 is shown below Quads = 1 x 1015 BTU BTU = 2.928 x 10-4 kWh

  22. ENERGY INTENSITY • The projection of energy intensities for the U.S. and the world from 2005 to 2050 is shown below

  23. ENERGY CONSUMPTION • The projection of energy consumption in the U.S. from 2000 to 2025 is shown below

  24. CONCLUSIONS • In conclusion • There has been a growth of energy consumption after the industrial revolution • Accelerated growth during this period resulted from technical advances by industrial nations • Usage of secondary energy resources were replaced by primary energy resources (change from income to capital resources)

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